Iyo US rare Earth minerals strategy inofanirwa. . . Inoumbwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika dzepasi dzisingawanzo zvinhu, kugadziridzwa kwezvicherwa zvisingawanzo kuUnited States kuchatangwa zvakare kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekukurudzira kutsva uye kubviswa kwezvicherwa, uye [tsvakurudzo nekusimudzira] kutenderedza kugadzirisa uye dzimwe nzira dzezvicherwa zvitsva zvisingawanzo wanikwa. Tinoda rubatsiro rwenyu.-Mutevedzeri weMunyori weDziviriro neDziviriro Ellen Lord, uchapupu kubva kuSenate Armed Forces Preparation and Management Support Subcommittee, Gumiguru 1, 2020. Zuva risati rasvika uchapupu hwaAmai Lord, Mutungamiri wenyika, VaDonald Trump, vakasaina gwaro rekuti "indasitiri yezvicherwa ichapinda munjodzi" yakanangana ne "kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwezvicherwa zvemuUnited States." Kutsamira paChina". Kukurumidza kubuda kwechimbichimbi mumisoro isinganyanyi kukurukurwa kusvika pari zvino kunofanira kunge kwakashamisa vanhu vakawanda.Maererano nenyanzvi dzemaumbirwo epasi, pasi risingawanzowaniki, asi rinokosha. Mhinduro inoratidzika kuva yakavanzika iri mukusvikika. Rare Earth elements (REE) ine 17 zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi evatengi nemidziyo yekudzivirira, uye zvakatanga kuwanikwa uye kushandiswa muUnited States. Nekudaro, kugadzirwa kuri kuenda zvishoma nezvishoma kuenda kuChina, uko mitengo yakaderera yevashandi, yakaderedzwa kutarisisa kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye rupo rwerubatsiro runobva kunyika rwunoita kuti People's Republic of China (PRC) iite chikamu che97% chekugadzirwa kwepasirese. Muna 1997, Magniquench, kambani inotungamira isingawanzo pasi muUnited States, yakatengeswa kumubatanidzwa wekudyara inotungamirwa naArchibald Cox (Jr.), mwanakomana wemuchuchisi wezita rimwe chetero, Watergate. Mubatanidzwa uyu wakashanda nemakambani maviri ehurumende yeChina. Metal Company, Sanhuan New Materials neChina Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation. Sachigaro weSanhuan, mwanakomana wechikadzi wemutungamiri wepamusoro Deng Xiaoping, akava sachigaro wekambani. Magniquench yakavharwa muUnited States, ikatamira kuChina, ikavhurwazve muna 2003, izvo zvinoenderana neDeng Xiaoping's "Super 863 Chirongwa", iyo yakawana tekinoroji yekucheka-kumucheto kwekushandisa zvechiuto, zvinosanganisira "exotic zvinhu." Izvi zvakaita kuti Molycorp ive yekupedzisira yakasara yakakura isingawanzo mugadziri wepasi muUnited States kusvika yaparara muna 2015. Pakare sekutonga kweReagan, vamwe vemetallurgists vakatanga kunetseka kuti United States yaivimba nezviwanikwa zvekunze izvo zvaisave zvine hushamwari kune zvikamu zvakakosha zvehurongwa hwayo hwezvombo (kunyanya Soviet Union panguva iyoyo), asi nyaya iyi haina kunyatso kukwezva veruzhinji. gore ra2010. Muna September wegore iroro, chikepe chokuChina chokuredza chakarovera ngarava mbiri dzeJapan Coast Guard muEast China Sea yaiita nharo. Hurumende yeJapan yakazivisa chinangwa chayo chekuisa kaputeni wechikepe chehove mukutongwa, uye hurumende yeChina yakazotora matanho ekutsiva, kusanganisira kurambidza kutengeswa kwepasi risingawanzo muJapan. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa indasitiri yemotokari yeJapan, iyo yakatyisidzirwa nekukura kwemotokari dzakachipa dzakagadzirwa neChina. Pakati pezvimwe zvekushandisa, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi chikamu chakakosha chevashanduri veinjini. Kutyisidzira kweChina kwakatorwa zvakakomba zvekuti United States, European Union, Japan nedzimwe nyika dzakati wandei dzakamhan'ara kuWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) mutongo wekuti China haigone kurambidza kunze kwenyika zvinhu zvisingawanzo. Zvisinei, mavhiri eWTO's resolution mechanism ari kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma: mutongo hauitwe kusvika makore mana gare gare. Bazi reChina rinoona nezvekunze rakazoramba kuti rakanga raisa zvirango, richiti China yaida zvimwe zvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi kune maindasitiri ayo ari kusimukira. Izvi zvingave zvakarurama: pakazosvika 2005, China yakarambidza kutengesa kunze kwenyika, zvichikonzera kushushikana kuPentagon pamusoro pekushomeka kwezvinhu zvina zvisingawanzo pasi (lanthanum, cerium, euro, uye uye), izvo zvakakonzera kunonoka mukugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvombo. Kuparara kweMolycorp kunoratidzawo hungwaru hutongi hwehurumende yeChina. Molycorp akafanotaura kuti mitengo yepasi isingawanzo yaizokwira zvakanyanya mushure mechiitiko pakati pezvikepe zvekuChina zvekuredza neJapan Coast Guard muna 2010, saka yakasimudza mari yakawanda yekuvaka nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekugadzirisa. Nekudaro, hurumende yeChina payakadzoreredza quotas kunze kwenyika muna 2015, Molycorp yakaremerwa neUS $ 1.7 bhiriyoni muchikwereti uye hafu yezvigadziriso zvayo. Makore maviri gare gare, yakabuda muhurongwa hwekubhuroka ikatengeswa nemadhora 20.5 miriyoni, inova mari isingakoshi kana ichienzaniswa nemadhora bhiriyoni gumi nemazana manomwe echikwereti. Kambani iyi yakanunurwa nemubatanidzwa, uye China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company inobata makumi matatu muzana ekodzero dzekambani dzisina kuvhota. Nezvehunyanzvi, kuve nemasheya asiri ekuvhota zvinoreva kuti Leshan Shenghe ane kodzero yekusapfuura chikamu chepurofiti, uye huwandu hwese hwepurofiti iyi hunogona kunge hudiki, saka vamwe vanhu vanogona kusava nechokwadi nezvinangwa zvekambani. Nekudaro, nekupihwa saizi yeLeshan Shenghe inoenderana nemari inodiwa kuwana makumi matatu muzana emasheya, kambani inogona kutora njodzi. Zvisinei, pesvedzero inogona kuitwa nedzimwe nzira dzisiri dzokuvhota. Sekureva kwegwaro reChinese rakagadzirwa neWall Street Journal, Leshan Shenghe achave nekodzero yega yekutengesa zvicherwa zveMountain Pass. Chero zvazvingava, Molycorp ichatumira REE yayo kuChina kuti igadziriswe.Nekuda kwekugona kuvimba nekuchengetedza, indasitiri yeJapan haina kunyanya kukanganiswa negakava ra2010. Nekudaro, mukana weChina kugadzira zvombo zvepasi risingawanzo zivikanwa ikozvino. Mumavhiki mashoma, nyanzvi dzeJapan dzakashanyira Mongolia, Vietnam, Australia nedzimwe nyika nezvimwe zvakakosha zvisingawanzo zviwanikwa zvepasi kuti vabvunze. Kubva muna Mbudzi 2010, Japan yasvika chibvumirano chekutanga chenguva refu neLynas Group yekuAustralia. Japan yakasimbiswa kutanga kwegore rinouya, uye kubva pakuwedzera kwayo, ikozvino yawana 30% yepasi rayo risingawanzo kubva kuLynas. Sezvineiwo, iyo yehurumende yeChina Nonferrous Metals Mining Group yakaedza kutenga ruzhinji muLynas gore rimwe chete rapfuura. Tichifunga kuti China ine huwandu hukuru hwezvimbambaira zvepasi zvisingawanzo, munhu anogona kufungidzira kuti China inoronga kudzora misika yepasirese uye inoda musika. Hurumende yeAustralia yakavhara chibvumirano.KuUnited States, zvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi zvakasimuka zvakare muhondo yekutengeserana yeSino-US. Muna Chivabvu 2019, Munyori Mukuru weChinese Xi Jinping akaita rwendo rwakashambadzirwa uye rwekufananidzira kuJiangxi Rare Earth Mine, iyo yakadudzirwa sekuratidzira kwesimba rehurumende yake paWashington. Pepanhau rePeople’s Daily, pepanhau repamutemo reCentral Committee yeCommunist Party yeChina, rakanyora kuti: “Nenzira iyi chete ndipo patinogona kupa pfungwa yokuti US haifaniri kurerutsa kukwanisa kweChina kuchengetedza kodzero dzayo nekodzero dzebudiriro. Musati hatina kukuyambirai.” Vacherechedzi vakati, "Usataure kuti hatina kunyevera." Izwi rokuti "iwe" rinowanzoshandiswa chete nevezvenhau mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru, sepanguva yeChina isati yapinda muVietnam muna 1978 uye mumakakatanwa emuganhu neIndia muna 2017. Kuti kuwedzere kushushikana kweUnited States, sezvo zvombo zvepamberi zvinogadzirwa, kune imwe neimwe isingawanzo taura zvinhu zviviri-350 inodiwa. makirogiramu enyika isingawanzoitiki, uye imwe neimwe yepasi pemvura yeVirginia inoda yakapetwa kagumi.Kunyangwe yambiro, kuyedza kuchiri kuitwa kugadzira ree reEE risingasanganisire China. Mukuita kunonzi kunyungudutsa, "zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa zvinopfuura nemazana emakamuri emvura anoparadzanisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana-matanho aya anogona kudzokororwa mazana kana zviuru zvenguva. Kana yacheneswa, inogona kugadziriswa kuita oxidation Zvishandiso, phosphors, simbi, alloys uye magineti, vanoshandisa iyo yakasarudzika magineti, luminescent kana electrochemical zvinhu zvezvinhu izvi, "yakadaro Scientific American. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuvapo kweradioactive element kunokanganisa maitiro. madhipoziti akawanikwa pedyo neNanniao Island munzvimbo yayo yezvoupfumi chete, iyo inofungidzirwa kuti inozadzisa zvayaida kwemazana emakore, Zvisinei, kubvira muna 2020, bepanhau rezuva nezuva rechipiri muJapan, Asahi, rakarondedzera kurota kwokuzvigutsa so“kuva madhaka.” Kunyangwe kune iyo tekinoroji yeJapan, kutsvaga nzira yekushambadzira inogoneka ichiri dambudziko ngozi kumhoteredzo Masayendisiti anonetseka kuti “nemhaka yechiito chemvura inotenderera, pasi pegungwa ringaputsika ndokurasira ivhu namadhaka akacherwa mugungwa.” Zvinhu zvekutengesa zvinofanirawo kutariswa: matani 3,500 anofanira kuunganidzwa zuva rega rega kuti kambani iite purofiti Parizvino, matani 350 chete anogona kuunganidzwa kwemaawa gumi pazuva.Nemamwe mazwi, zvinotora nguva uye zvinodhura kugadzirira kushandisa zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, zvingave kubva kuvhu kana kugungwa kunodzora dzinenge dzese nzvimbo dzekugadzirisa dziripo kune dzimwe nyika kunze kwaiva Lynas, iyo yakatumira ore yayo kuMalaysia kuti igadziriswe, kunyange zvazvo mupiro weLynas kudambudziko repasi risingawanzoitiki wakakosha, haisi mhinduro yakakwana yepasi isingawanzoitiki mumigodhi yekambani yakaderera pane iyo muChina, izvo zvinoreva kuti Lynas anofanira kuchera zvimwe zvinhu kuti abvise uye aparadzanise simbi isingawanzoitiki (yakadai semakomputa anokosha epasi). simbi inofananidzwa nekutenga mombe yese semhou: kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 2020, mutengo wekirogiramu imwe chete iUS $344.40, nepo mutengo wekirogiramu imwe chete yepasi isingawanzo neodymium iUS $55.20 makore maviri kusvika matatu kuti vararame, zvichiita kuti vangangove vatengi veUS vari panjodzi yekutsiva nhanho dzeBeijing. 2019, yaive 9,217 matani ezvisingawanzo kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kukakavara kwakakonzera kurambidzwa kwezviito zvisina kudzorwa nevacheri vemigodhi vekuChina, uye kuchine zviitiko zvisiri pamutemo pamativi ese emuganho. Yunnan Province), ndokubva vatakurwa kudzokera kuChina kuti vatize shungu dzemitemo. Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) kuti itengese uye igadzirise zvicherwa zvepasi izvo zvinoumba nyaya yekuchengetedza uye izvo zvisingaite nyaya yechengetedzo inogona kunge iri nyaya ine nharo pakati pemapato maviri eDanish-Greenland Self-Government Act. Mavhu asingawanzo kugadzirwa zvakare, uye maitiro anogona kugadzirwa kuti avandudze kushanda kwezvinhu zviripo. Kuedza kwehurumende yeJapan kutsvaga nzira ine hupfumi yekuchera zvicherwa zvakapfuma munzvimbo yayo yehupfumi inogona kubudirira, uye tsvakiridzo yekugadzirwa kwezvisingawanzo kuenderera mberi yakave nekukanganisa kwakakomba kwenzvimbo dzekugadzira uye kucheneswa kweWastewater ine chepfu yakanyanya Mafashamo akakanganisa fekitori yeLeshan Shenghe pamwe nekutenga kwayo. Kambani inofungidzira kurasikirwa kwayo kuve pakati peUS$35 ne48 miriyoni, zvichidarika huwandu hweinishuwarenzi Zvichipa kuti mafashamo anogona kukonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anowanzoitika, mukana wekukuvadza nekusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nemafashama emangwana ari kuwedzera. rare earths yanga iri padanho rakaderera kudaro kwenguva yakareba, purofiti inobva mukutengesa zviwanikwa izvi inofananidzwa nemari inodiwa kuzvigadzirisa. Hapana kukosha. Kukuvadzwa. "Kunyangwe zvakadaro, zvichienderana nekwakabva mushumo, China icharamba ichipa 70% kusvika 77% yezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi pasi. Kana dambudziko rave pedyo, senge muna 2010 na2019, iyo United States inogona kuramba ichiteerera. Kana iri Magniquench neMolycorp, iyo inowirirana consortium yeU. Kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka kweUS. CFIUS inofanirwa kuwedzera huwandu hwebasa rekuchengetedza hupfumi, uye inofanirwa kuve yakangwarira maitiro enguva pfupi yapfuura, kuenderera mberi kwehurumende mune ramangwana kwakakosha. Chinzvimbo cheForeign Policy Research Institute Nyika, uye yakaparadza […] hupenyuMusi waChivabvu 20, 2020, Mutungamiriri weTaiwan Tsai Ing-wen akatanga temu yake yechipiri […] Nyika yeUnited States. © 2000–2020 kodzero dzese dzakachengetwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-04-2022