Iyo US rare Earth minerals strategy inofanirwa. . . Inoumbwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika dzezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, kugadziridzwa kwezvicherwa zvisingawanzo kuUnited States kuchatangwa zvakare kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekukurudzira kutsva uye kubviswa kwezvikurudziro, uye [tsvakurudzo nekusimudzira] kutenderedza kugadzirisa uye dzimwe nzira dzezvitsva zvakachena zvisingawanzo. zvicherwa zvevhu. Tinoda rubatsiro rwenyu.-Mutevedzeri weMunyori weDziviriro neDziviriro Ellen Lord, uchapupu kubva kuSeneti Armed Forces Preparation and Management Support Subcommittee, Gumiguru 1, 2020. Zuva risati rasvika uchapupu hwaAmai Lord, Mutungamiriri wenyika, VaDonald Trump, vakasaina gwaro repamusoro "vanozivisa indasitiri yezvicherwa ichapinda mumamiriro enjodzi" yakanangana "kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwemumba kwezvicherwa zvisingawanzo zvakakosha kune tekinoroji yemauto, uku ichideredza Kutsamira kweUnited States kuChina". Kukurumidza kubuda kwechimbichimbi mumisoro isinganyanyi kukurukurwa kusvika pari zvino kunofanira kunge kwakashamisa vanhu vakawanda.Maererano nenyanzvi dzemaumbirwo epasi, pasi risingawanzowaniki, asi rinokosha. Mhinduro inoratidzika kuva yakavanzika iri mukusvikika. Rare Earth elements (REE) ine 17 zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi evatengi nemidziyo yekudzivirira, uye zvakatanga kuwanikwa uye kushandiswa muUnited States. Nekudaro, kugadzirwa kuri kuenda zvishoma nezvishoma kuenda kuChina, uko mitengo yakaderera yevashandi, yakaderedzwa kutarisisa kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye rupo rwerubatsiro runobva kunyika rwunoita kuti People's Republic of China (PRC) iite chikamu che97% chekugadzirwa kwepasirese. Muna 1997, Magniquench, kambani inotungamira isingawanzo pasi muUnited States, yakatengeswa kumubatanidzwa wekudyara inotungamirwa naArchibald Cox (Jr.), mwanakomana wemuchuchisi wezita rimwe chetero, Watergate. Mubatanidzwa uyu wakashanda nemakambani maviri ehurumende yeChina. Metal Company, Sanhuan New Materials neChina Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation. Sachigaro weSanhuan, mwanakomana wechikadzi wemutungamiri wepamusoro Deng Xiaoping, akava sachigaro wekambani. Magniquench yakavharwa muUnited States, ikatamira kuChina, ikavhurwazve muna 2003, izvo zvinoenderana neDeng Xiaoping's "Super 863 Chirongwa", iyo yakawana tekinoroji yekucheka-kumucheto kwekushandisa zvechiuto, zvinosanganisira "exotic zvinhu." Izvi zvakaita kuti Molycorp ive yekupedzisira yakasara mugadziri wepasi isingawanzo kuUnited States kusvika yaparara muna 2015. Pakare sekutonga kweReagan, vamwe vemetallurgist vakatanga kunetseka kuti United States yaivimba nezviwanikwa zvekunze izvo zvaisave zvine hushamwari kune zvakakosha zvikamu zvayo. hurongwa hwezvombo (zvikurukuru Soviet Union panguva iyoyo), asi nyaya iyi haina kunyanya kukwezva vanhu. gore ra2010. Muna September wegore iroro, chikepe chokuChina chokuredza chakarovera ngarava mbiri dzeJapan Coast Guard muEast China Sea yaiita nharo. Hurumende yeJapan yakazivisa chinangwa chayo chekuisa kaputeni wechikepe chehove mukutongwa, uye hurumende yeChina yakazotora matanho ekutsiva, kusanganisira kurambidza kutengeswa kwepasi risingawanzo muJapan. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa indasitiri yemotokari yeJapan, iyo yakatyisidzirwa nekukura kwemotokari dzakachipa dzakagadzirwa neChina. Pakati pezvimwe zvekushandisa, zvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi chinhu chakakosha chevashanduri veinjini. Kutyisidzira kweChina kwakatorwa zvakanyanya zvekuti United States, European Union, Japan nedzimwe nyika dzakati wandei dzakamhan'ara kuWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) mutongo wekuti China. haigoni kurambidza kutumirwa kwenyika zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki. Zvisinei, mavhiri eWTO's resolution mechanism ari kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma: mutongo hauitwe kusvika makore mana gare gare. Bazi reChina rinoona nezvekunze rakazoramba kuti rakanga raisa zvirango, richiti China yaida zvimwe zvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi kune maindasitiri ayo ari kusimukira. Izvi zvingave zvakarurama: ne2005, China yakanga yarambidza kutengesa kunze kwenyika, zvichikonzera kushushikana kuPentagon pamusoro pekushomeka kwezvinhu zvina zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi (lanthanum, cerium, euro, uye uye), izvo zvakakonzera kunonoka mukugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvombo. Kunyanya, kutonga kweChina pakugadzirwa kwepasi kusingawanzo kukonzerwawo nezvinhu zvinowedzera purofiti, uye panguva iyoyo, mitengo yakakwira nekukurumidza. Kuparara kweMolycorp kunoratidzawo hungwaru hutongi hwehurumende yeChina. Molycorp akafanotaura kuti mitengo yepasi isingawanzo yaizokwira zvakanyanya mushure mechiitiko pakati pezvikepe zvekuChina zvekuredza neJapan Coast Guard muna 2010, saka yakasimudza mari yakawanda yekuvaka nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekugadzirisa. Nekudaro, hurumende yeChina payakadzoreredza quotas kunze kwenyika muna 2015, Molycorp yakaremerwa neUS $ 1.7 bhiriyoni muchikwereti uye hafu yezvigadziriso zvayo. Makore maviri gare gare, yakabuda muhurongwa hwekubhuroka ikatengeswa nemadhora 20.5 miriyoni, inova mari isingakoshi kana ichienzaniswa nemadhora bhiriyoni gumi nemazana manomwe echikwereti. Kambani iyi yakanunurwa nemubatanidzwa, uye China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company inobata makumi matatu muzana ekodzero dzekambani dzisina kuvhota. Nezvehunyanzvi, kuve nemasheya asiri ekuvhota zvinoreva kuti Leshan Shenghe ane kodzero yekusapfuura chikamu chepurofiti, uye huwandu hwese hwepurofiti iyi hunogona kunge hudiki, saka vamwe vanhu vanogona kusava nechokwadi nezvinangwa zvekambani. Nekudaro, nekupihwa saizi yeLeshan Shenghe inoenderana nemari inodiwa kuwana makumi matatu muzana emasheya, kambani inogona kutora njodzi. Zvisinei, pesvedzero inogona kuitwa nedzimwe nzira dzisiri dzokuvhota. Sekureva kwegwaro reChinese rakagadzirwa neWall Street Journal, Leshan Shenghe achave nekodzero yega yekutengesa zvicherwa zveMountain Pass. Chero zvazvingava, Molycorp ichatumira REE yayo kuChina kuti igadziriswe.Nekuda kwekugona kuvimba nekuchengetedza, indasitiri yeJapan haina kunyanya kukanganiswa negakava ra2010. Nekudaro, mukana weChina kugadzira zvombo zvepasi risingawanzo zivikanwa ikozvino. Mumavhiki mashoma, nyanzvi dzeJapan dzakashanyira Mongolia, Vietnam, Australia nedzimwe nyika nezvimwe zvakakosha zvisingawanzo zviwanikwa zvepasi kuti vabvunze. Kubva muna Mbudzi 2010, Japan yasvika chibvumirano chekutanga chenguva refu neLynas Group yekuAustralia. Japan yakasimbiswa kutanga kwegore rinouya, uye kubva pakuwedzera kwayo, ikozvino yawana 30% yepasi rayo risingawanzo kubva kuLynas. Sezvineiwo, iyo yehurumende yeChina Nonferrous Metals Mining Group yakaedza kutenga ruzhinji muLynas gore rimwe chete rapfuura. Tichifunga kuti China ine huwandu hukuru hwezvimbambaira zvepasi zvisingawanzo, munhu anogona kufungidzira kuti China inoronga kudzora misika yepasirese uye inoda musika. Hurumende yeAustralia yakavhara chibvumirano.KuUnited States, zvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi zvakasimuka zvakare muhondo yekutengeserana yeSino-US. Muna Chivabvu 2019, Munyori Mukuru weChinese Xi Jinping akaita rwendo rwakashambadzirwa uye rwekufananidzira kuJiangxi Rare Earth Mine, iyo yakadudzirwa sekuratidzira kwesimba rehurumende yake paWashington. Pepanhau rePeople's Daily, bepanhau repamutemo reCentral Committee yeCommunist Party yeChina, rakanyora kuti: “Nenzira iyi chete ndipo patingakurudzira kuti US haifanire kurerutsa kugona kweChina kuchengetedza kodzero nekodzero dzebudiriro. Musati hatina kukuyambirai. Vacherekedzi vakati, “Musati hatina kunyevera. Izwi rekuti "iwe" rinowanzo shandiswa nevezvenhau vepamutemo mumamiriro ezvinhu akakomba, senge China isati yapinda muVietnam muna 1978 uye mugakava remuganhu neIndia muna 2017. Kuti kuwedzere kunetseka kweUnited States, sezvo zvombo zvemberi zviri kugadzirwa, zvinhu zvepasi zvisingawanzoitiki zvinodiwa. Kuti titaure mienzaniso miviri chete, murwi wega wega weF-35 unoda makirogiramu 920 epasi risingawanzoitiki, uye ngarava yepasi pemvura yega yega yeVirginia inoda zvakapetwa kagumi huwandu uhu.Pasinei nenyevero, nhamburiko dzichiri kuitwa kutanga reE rekutengesa cheni isingasanganisire China. Zvisinei, kuita uku kwakaoma kudarika kutorwa kuri nyore. In situ, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvinosanganiswa nemamwe akawanda mamineral munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Zvadaro, ore yepakutanga inofanira kupinda mudenderedzwa rekutanga rekugadzirisa kuti ibudise concentrate, uye kubva ipapo inopinda mune imwe nzvimbo inoparadzanisa zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi kuita zvinhu zvakachena zvakanyanya. Muchiito chinonzi solvent extraction, “zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa zvinopfuura nemazana emakamuri emvura anopatsanura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kana makomboni-matanho aya anogona kudzokororwa mazana kana kunyange zviuru zvenguva. Kana zvacheneswa, zvinogona kugadziriswa kuita oxidation Zvishandiso, phosphors, simbi, alloys uye magineti, vanoshandisa yakasarudzika magineti, luminescent kana electrochemical zvimiro zvezvinhu izvi, "yakadaro Scientific American. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuvapo kwezvinhu zveradioactive kunokanganisa maitiro.Muna 2012, Japan yakasangana nekufara kwenguva pfupi, uye zvakasimbiswa zvakadzama muna 2018 kuti akawanda egiredhi reREE madhipoziti akawanikwa padyo neNanniao Island munzvimbo yayo yehupfumi. iyo inofungidzirwa kuzadzisa zvido zvayo kwemazana emakore. Zvisinei, kubvira muna 2020, bepanhau rezuva nezuva rechipiri muJapan, Asahi, rakarondedzera kurota kwokuzvigutsa so“kuva madhaka.” Kunyangwe kune veJapan vane ruzivo rwetekinoroji, kutsvaga nzira yekushambadzira inogona kutengwa ichiri dambudziko. Mudziyo unonzi piston core remover unounganidza madhaka kubva pasi pedenga regungwa pakadzika 6000 metres. Nekuti muchina wekukonira unotora maminitsi anopfuura 200 kuti usvike pasi pegungwa, maitiro acho anorwadza zvikuru. Kusvika nekubvisa madhaka ndiko kutanga kwekunatsa, uye mamwe matambudziko anotevera. Pane ngozi inogona kuitika kune zvakatipoteredza. Masayendisiti anonetseka kuti “nekuda kwechiito chemvura inotenderera, pasi pegungwa panogona kuputsika ndokurasira ivhu nemadhaka zvakacherwa mugungwa.” Zvinhu zvekutengesa zvinofanirwawo kutariswa: 3,500 matani anoda kuunganidzwa zuva rega rega kuti kambani iite pundutso. Parizvino, matani 350 chete anogona kuunganidzwa kwemaawa 10 pazuva. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinotora nguva uye zvinodhura kugadzirira kushandisa zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi, zvingava kubva panyika kana mugungwa. China inodzora dzinenge dzese nzvimbo dzekugadziridza pasirese, uye kunyangwe mavhu asingawanzo kutorwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika/matunhu anotumirwa ikoko kuti acheneswe. Yakanga iri Lynas, iyo yakatumira simbi yayo kuMalaysia kuti igadzirwe. Kunyange zvazvo kubatsira kwaLynas kudambudziko repasi risingawanzoitiki kwakakosha, haisi mhinduro yakakwana. Zvirimo zvepasi zvisingawanzo mumigodhi yekambani zvakaderera pane izvo zviri kuChina, zvinoreva kuti Lynas anofanira kuchera zvimwe zvinhu kuti abvise uye abvise simbi inorema isingawanzo simbi (senge s), inova chikamu chakakosha chekuchengetedza data, nekudaro ichiwedzera. mari. Kuchera simbi inorema isingawanzo kuenzaniswa nekutenga mombe yese semombe: kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 2020, mutengo wekirogiramu imwe chete iUS$344.40, ukuwo mutengo wekirogiramu imwe chete yelight rare Earth neodymium iri US$55.20. Muna 2019, Texas- yakavakirwa Blue Line Corporation yakazivisa kuti ichagadzira mubatanidzwa naLynas kuvaka REE yekuparadzanisa chirimwa chisingasanganisire maChinese. Nekudaro, chirongwa ichi chinotarisirwa kutora makore maviri kusvika matatu kuti chienderere mberi, zvichiita kuti vangangove vatengi vekuUS vari munjodzi yekutsiva kweBeijing. Hurumende yeAustralia payakavhara kuedza kweChina kutora Lynas, Beijing yakaramba ichitsvaga zvimwe zvekune dzimwe nyika. Inotova nefekitari muVietnam uye yanga ichiunza nhamba huru yezvigadzirwa kubva kuMyanmar. Muna 2018, yaive 25,000 matani epasi isingawanzo kutariswa, uye kubva muna Ndira 1 kusvika Chivabvu 15, 2019, yaive 9,217 matani epasi isingawanzo kutariswa. Kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kukakavadzana kwakakonzera kurambidzwa kwezviito zvisina kurongwa nevacheri vekuChina. Kurambidzwa uku kunogona kubviswa zvisiri pamutemo muna 2020, uye kuchine zviitiko zvisiri pamutemo zvemigodhi kumativi ese emuganhu. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvinoramba zvichicherwa muChina pasi pemutemo weSouth Africa, zvozotumirwa kuMyanmar nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakatenderedza (sekupfuura nemupurovhinzi yeYunnan), zvozotakurwa kudzokera kuChina kutiza kushingairira kwemitemo. vatengi vanga vachitsvagawo kuwana nzvimbo dzemigodhi muGreenland, izvo zvinokanganisa United States neDenmark, idzo dzine mabhesi emhepo muThule, nyika inozvitonga. Shenghe Resources Holdings yave mugoveri mukuru weGreenland Minerals Co., Ltd. Muna 2019, yakatanga mubatanidzwa nechikamu cheChina National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) kutengesa nekugadzirisa zvicherwa zvisingawanzoitiki. Chii chinoumba nyaya yekuchengeteka uye iyo isingabatanidzi nyaya yekuchengeteka inogona kunge iri nyaya inokakavadzana pakati pemapoka maviri eDanish-Greenland Self-Government Act. Kubva 2010, masheya akanyatso wedzera, ayo anogona kunge akavhara kurwisa kweChina kamwe kamwe embargo munguva pfupi. Mapasi asingawanzo anogona zvakare kudzokororwa, uye maitiro anogona kugadzirwa kuti avandudze kushanda kweiyo iripo. Kuedza kwehurumende yeJapan kutsvaga nzira yehupfumi yekuchera zvicherwa zvakapfuma munzvimbo yayo yehupfumi kunogona kubudirira, uye tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinotsiva pasi zvisingawanzoitiki zviri kuenderera mberi.Nyika dzisingawanzo wanikwa muChina dzinogona kunge dzisipo nguva dzose. Kuwedzera kweChina kutarisisa nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza kwakakanganisawo kugadzirwa. Kunyangwe kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi nemitengo yakaderera kungavhara makwikwi ekunze, kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya matunhu ekugadzira nekuchenesa. Mvura yakasviba ine chepfu zvakanyanya. Mvura yakarasika iri mudhamu remachira epamusoro inogona kuderedza kusvibiswa kwenzvimbo isingawanzo kunyura pasi, asi mvura ine tsvina inogona kudonhedza kana kupwanya, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwakanyanya kuzasi. Kunyangwe pasina kutaurwa kweruzhinji nezvezvinosvibisa kubva mumigodhi isingawanzo konzerwa nemafashama eRwizi rweYangtze muna 2020, pane chokwadi chekunetsekana nezve zvinosvibisa. Mafashamo acho akakanganisa fekitari yeLeshan Shenghe uye zvinhu zvayo. Kambani iyi yakafungidzira kurasikirwa kwayo kuve pakati peUS$35 ne48 miriyoni, kudarika huwandu hweinishuwarenzi. Tichifunga kuti mafashamo angangokonzerwa nokuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze awanda, mukana wokukuvadzwa uye kusvibiswa kwemvura kunokonzerwa nemafashamo ari kuuya ari kuwedzerawo.Mumwe mukuru weGanzhou mudunhu rakashanyirwa naXi Jinping akachema-chema achiti: “Chinosetsa ndechekuti mutengo we rare earths yanga iri padanho rakaderera kudaro kwenguva yakareba, purofiti inobva mukutengesa zviwanikwa izvi inofananidzwa nemari inodiwa kuzvigadzirisa. Hapana kukosha. Kukuvadzwa. ”Kunyange zvakadaro, zvichienderana nekunobva mushumo, China icharamba ichipa 70% kusvika 77% yezvinhu zvisingawanzo kuitika pasi rose. Chete kana dambudziko rave pedyo, senge muna 2010 na2019, ndipo United States inogona kuramba ichiteerera. Panyaya yeMagniquench neMolycorp, iyo mubatanidzwa inogona kunyengetedza Komiti Yezvekudyara Kwekunze muUnited States (CFIUS) kuti kutengeswa hakuzokanganisa kuchengetedzwa kweUS. CFIUS inofanira kuwedzera chiyero chebasa rekubatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwehupfumi, uye inofanirawo kungwarira. Kusiyana nekuita kwenguva pfupi uye kwenguva pfupi munguva yakapfuura, kuenderera mberi kwehurumende mune ramangwana kwakakosha. Tichitarisa kumashure pane zvakataurwa nePeople's Daily muna 2019, hatingatauri kuti hatina kunyeverwa.Maonero akataurwa muchinyorwa chino ndeemunyori chete uye haafanire kuratidza chinzvimbo cheForeign Policy Research Institute. Sangano reForeign Policy Research Institute isangano risingarerekera kudivi rakazvipira kuburitsa zvinyorwa zvine gakava zvegwaro reUS kunze kwenyika uye kuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Zvinonyanya kukosha.Teufel Dreyer, Senior Fellow waJune's Foreign Policy Institute's Asia Chirongwa, purofesa wesainzi yezvematongerwo enyika paYunivhesiti yeMiami muCoral Gables, Florida.Chirwere chekoronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) chakatangira kuChina, chakatsvaira nyika, uye akaparadza […] hupenyuMusi waChivabvu 20, 2020, Mutungamiri weTaiwan Tsai Ing-wen vakatanga temu yavo yechipiri. Mune imwe mhemberero ine runyararo […]Kazhinji, musangano wepagore weNational People's Congress (NPC) yekuChina chinhu chisingafadzi. Muchiono, People's Republic of China […]The Institute of Foreign Policy Research yakazvipira kupa emhando yepamusoro soro redzidzo uye ongororo yebumbiro remutemo risiri rezvematongerwo enyika, richitarisa kune hombe mutemo wekunze uye matambudziko ekuchengetedza nyika akatarisana neUnited States. Isu tinodzidzisa vanhu vanoita uye vanofurira marongero uye veruzhinji kuburikidza nenhoroondo, geographic, uye tsika nemagariro. Verenga zvakawanda nezve FPRI »Foreign Policy Research Institute · 1528 Walnut St., Ste. 610·Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102·Tel: 1.215.732.3774·Fax: 1.215.732.4401·www.fpri.org Copyright © 2000–2020. kodzero dzose dzakachengetedzwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-04-2022