Chikamu 56: Barium

1, Elemental NhanganyayaBarium,
Iyo alkaline Earth metal element, ine kemikari chiratidzo Ba, iri muBoka IIA yenguva yechitanhatu yeperiodic tafura. Iyo yakapfava, sirivha chena inopenya alkaline yepasi simbi uye inonyanya kushanda mu alkaline pasi simbi. Iro zita rechinhu rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki beta alpha ρύς (barys), zvinoreva kuti "inorema".

2, Kuwana Nhoroondo Pfupi
Sulfides yealkaline earth metals inoratidza phosphorescence, zvichireva kuti inoramba ichiburitsa chiedza kwenguva yakati murima mushure mekuvhenekerwa nechiedza. Mishonga yeBarium yakatanga kukwezva vanhu chaizvo nekuda kwehunhu uhu. Muna 1602, mumwe mugadziri weshangu anonzi Casio Lauro muguta reBologna, Italy, akagocha barite yaiva ne<em>barium sulfate pamwe chete nezvinhu zvinobvira moto ndokuona kuti yaigona kubudisa chiedza murima, izvo zvakamutsa kufarira kwenyanzvi panguva iyoyo. Gare gare, rudzi urwu rwedombo rwakanzi polonite uye rwakamutsa kufarira kweEuropean chemist mukuongorora kwekuongorora. Muna 1774, nyanzvi yekemisitiri yekuSweden CW Scheele akawana kuti barium oxide rakanga riri ivhu idzva rinorema, raakadana kuti “Baryta” (ivhu rinorema). Muna 1774, Scheler akatenda kuti ibwe iri raiva musanganiswa ivhu idzva (oxide) uye sulfuric acid. Muna 1776, akapisa nitrate muvhu idzva iri kuti awane ivhu rakachena (oxide). Muna 1808, British chemist H. Davy akashandisa mercury se cathode uye platinum seanode ye electrolyze barite (BaSO4) kugadzira barium amalgam. Pashure pokunatswa kuti abvise mercury, simbi yakaderera yakawanikwa ichibva yatumidzwa zita rechiGiriki rokuti barys (heavy). Chiratidzo chechinhu chakaiswa seBa, iyo inonzibarium.

3, Zvinhu zvemuviri
Bariumisimbi chena yesirivha ine nzvimbo yekunyunguduka inosvika 725 ° C, kuvira kwe1846 ° C, density ye3.51g/cm3, uye ductility. Iyo huru ores ye barium ndeye barite uye arsenopyrite.

4,Bariumchinhu chemakemikari chine zvinhu zvemakemikari.
Mucherechedzo wemakemikari Ba, nhamba yeatomu 56, ndeye periodic system IIA boka uye inhengo yealkaline pasi simbi. Barium ine makemikari makuru ekuita uye ndiyo inonyanya kushanda pakati pemasimbi epasi ane alkaline. Kubva pane zvinogona uye ionization simba, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti barium ine simba reducibility. Muchokwadi, kana uchingofunga nezvekurasikirwa kwerekitironi yekutanga, barium ine yakanyanya kuderera mumvura. Zvisinei, zvakaoma kuti barium irasikirwe nerekitironi yechipiri. Nokudaro, tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvose, kuderedza kwebarium kuchaderera zvikuru. Zvakadaro, iri zvakare imwe yeakanyanya kuita simbi mune acidic mhinduro, yechipiri chete kune lithium, cesium, rubidium, uye potassium.

5.Main compounds
1). Barium oxide inopinda mumhepo zvishoma nezvishoma kuita barium oxide, inova cubic crystal isina ruvara. Soluble muasidhi, isinganyunguriki muacetone uye ammonia mvura. Inomenyuka nemvura kuita barium hydroxide, ine muchetura. Kana yapiswa, inoburitsa murazvo wegirinhi uye inoburitsa barium peroxide.
2). Barium peroxide inopindirana ne sulfuric acid kugadzira hydrogen peroxide. Kuita uku kunobva pamusimboti wekugadzira hydrogen peroxide murabhoritari.
3). Barium hydroxide inopindirana nemvura kugadzira barium hydroxide uye gasi rehydrogen. Nekuda kwekushomeka kwakadzika kwebarium hydroxide uye simba rayo repamusoro re sublimation, kuita hakuna kusimba senge alkali simbi, uye inokonzeresa barium hydroxide ichavhara maonero. Kabhoni dhaokisaidhi kadiki inopinzwa mumhinduro kuti igadzire barium carbonate precipitate, uye yakawandisa kabhoni dhayokisaidhi inounzwazve kunyungudutsa barium carbonate precipitate uye kugadzira soluble barium bicarbonate.
4). Amino barium inogona kunyungudika mumvura ammonia, ichigadzira mhinduro yebhuruu ine paramagnetism uye conductivity, iyo inonyanya kuumba maerekitironi eammonia. Mushure menguva refu yekuchengetera, iyo haidrojeni muammonia inozoderedzwa kuita gasi rehydrogen nemaerekitironi eammonia, uye mhinduro yese ndeye barium inobata neammonia yemvura kugadzira amino barium nehydrogen gasi.
5). Barium sulfite ikristaro chena kana hupfu, ine muchetura, inonyungudika zvishoma mumvura, uye zvishoma nezvishoma oxidized mubarium sulfate kana yaiswa mumhepo. Dissolve in non oxidizing strong acids senge hydrochloric acid kuti ibudise sulfur dioxide gasi ine hwema hunonhuwa. Paunenge uchisangana neoxidizing acids senge dilute nitric acid, inogona kushandurwa kuita barium sulfate.
6). Barium sulfate ine chimiro chemakemikari yakagadzikana, uye chikamu chebarium sulfate yakanyungudutswa mumvura yakanyatsogadziriswa, zvichiita kuti ive electrolyte yakasimba. Barium sulfate haina kunyungudika mu dilute nitric acid. Inonyanya kushandiswa segastrointestinal musiyano mumiririri.
Barium carbonate ine chepfu uye inenge isinganyunguriki mumvura inotonhora., Inonyungudika zvishoma mumvura ine carbon dioxide uye inonyungudika mu dilute hydrochloric acid. Inopindirana nesodium sulfate kuti ibudise isina kunyungudika chena precipitate ye barium sulfate - shanduko yekuchinja pakati pemvura mune aqueous solution: zviri nyore kutendeuka kuenda kune imwe nzira isinganyungudika.

6, Minda Yekushandisa
1. Inoshandiswa kune zvinangwa zveindasitiri mukugadzirwa kwebarium munyu, alloys, fireworks, nuclear reactors, etc. Iyo zvakare yakanakisa deoxidizer yekunatsa mhangura. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mualloys, kusanganisira lead, calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, aluminium, uye nickel alloys. Barium simbi inogona kushandiswa seanobvisa gasi kubvisa gasi rekutsvaga kubva kune vacuum chubhu uye cathode ray chubhu, pamwe neanobvisa gasi rekuchenesa simbi. Barium nitrate yakasanganiswa ne potassium chlorate, magnesium powder, uye rosin inogona kushandiswa kugadzira zviratidzo zvinopisa uye fireworks. Soluble barium compounds inowanzoshandiswa semishonga yezvipembenene, yakadai sebarium chloride, kudzora tupukanana siyana dzezvirimwa. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa kunatsa brine uye boiler mvura ye electrolytic caustic soda kugadzirwa. Inoshandiswawo kugadzira pigment. Maindasitiri emachira nematehwe anoashandisa se mordant uye mumiriri wematehwe esirika yekugadzira.
2. Barium sulfate yekushandiswa kwechiremba mushonga unobatsira we X-ray kuongorora. Hupfu husina kunhuwa uye husina kunaka, chinhu chinogona kupa musiyano wakanaka mumuviri panguva yeX-ray kuongororwa. Medical barium sulfate haina kunyura mudumbu remukati uye haina kukonzera allergic reaction. Iyo haina soluble barium makomisheni akadai sebarium chloride, barium sulfide, uye barium carbonate. Inonyanya kushandiswa kuita gastrointestinal imaging, dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kune zvimwe zvinangwa zvekuongorora

7, Kugadzirira nzira
Kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwemetallic bariumyakakamurwa kuita nhanho mbiri: kugadzirwa kwebarium oxide uye simbi yekudzikisa kupisa (aluminium thermal reduction). Pakati pe1000-1200 ℃,metallic bariuminogona kuwanikwa nekudzikisa barium oxide nesimbi aruminiyamu, uye yobva yacheneswa ne vacuum distillation. Aluminium thermal reduction method yekugadzira metallic barium: Nekuda kweakasiyana ingredient ratios, panogona kunge paine maitiro maviri ekudzikisa aruminiyamu yebarium oxide. Iyo reaction equation ndeye: maitiro ese ari maviri anogona kungoburitsa shoma shoma ye barium pa 1000-1200 ℃. Naizvozvo, pombi yevacuum inofanirwa kushandiswa kuramba ichiendesa barium vapor kubva kunzvimbo yekupindura ichienda kunzvimbo inotonhora yekumisikidza kuitira kuti mhinduro irambe ichienda kurudyi. Iyo yakasara mushure mekuita ine muchetura uye inoda kurapwa isati yaraswa