Erbium, chikamu chechimakumi matanhatu nesere patafura ye periodic.
Kuwanikwa kweerbiumizere nekumonyoroka. Muna 1787, mutaundi duku reItby, makiromita 1,6 kubva kuStockholm, Sweden, nyika itsva isingawanzowanikwi yakawanikwa mudombo dema, rainzi yttrium pasi maererano nenzvimbo yakawanikwa. Mushure meChimurenga cheFrance, chemist Mossander akashandisa tekinoroji ichangogadzirwa kudzikisa elementalyttriumkubva yttrium pasi. Panguva ino, vanhu vakaziva kuti yttrium pasi haisi "chikamu chimwe chete" uye vakawana mamwe maokisi maviri: iyo pink inonzi.erbium oxide, uye yepepuru yakareruka inonzi terbium oxide. Muna 1843, Mossander akawana erbium uyeterbium, asi haana kutenda kuti zvinhu zviviri zvakawanikwa zvakanga zvakachena uye zvichida zvakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu. Mumakumi emakore akatevera, vanhu vakazoona zvishoma nezvishoma kuti zvechokwadi maive nemaelementi akawanda akasanganiswa mairi, uye zvishoma nezvishoma vakawana mamwe marata e lanthanide kunze kweerbium uye terbium.
Kudzidza kweerbium kwakanga kusiri kwakatsetseka sekuwanikwa kwayo. Kunyange zvazvo Maussand akawana pink erbium oxide muna 1843, hazvina kusvika muna 1934 kuti masampuli chaiwo eerbium simbidzakatorwa nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekuchenesa. Nokupisa uye kuchenesaerbium chlorideuye potassium, vanhu vakawana kuderedzwa kweerbium nesimbi potassium. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinhu zveerbium zvakada kufanana nemamwe maelementi esimbi elanthanide, zvichikonzera makore anoda kusvika makumi mashanu ekusamira mukutsvagisa kwakafanana, semagineti, friction energy, uye spark generation. Kusvika 1959, nekushandiswa kweiyo yakakosha 4f layer yemagetsi chimiro cheerbium maatomu munzvimbo dziri kubuda dzemaziso, erbium yakawana kutariswa uye mashandisirwo akawanda eerbium akagadzirwa.
Erbium, chena yesirivha, ine chimiro chakapfava uye inongoratidzira yakasimba ferromagnetism pedyo neabsolute zero. Iyo superconductor uye zvishoma nezvishoma oxidized nemhepo nemvura pane tembiricha yemumba.Erbium oxideirozi dzvuku ruvara runowanzoshandiswa muindasitiri yeporcelain uye yakanaka kupenya. Erbium yakanyura mumatombo anoputika uye ine zvicherwa zvakakura kumaodzanyemba kweChina.
Erbium ine yakatanhamara optical zvivakwa uye inogona kushandura infrared kuita mwenje unooneka, ichiita iyo yakakwana zvinhu zvekugadzira infrared detectors uye manheru ekuona michina. Iyo zvakare chishandiso chine hunyanzvi mukuona kwephoton, inokwanisa kuramba ichitora mafotoni kuburikidza neiyo ion excitation mazinga mune yakasimba, uyezve kuona nekuverenga mafotoni aya kugadzira photon detector. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwekutorwa kwakananga kwemafotoni ne trivalent erbium ions kwakanga kusina kukwirira. Kwakanga kusati kwasvika muna 1966 apo masayendisiti akagadzira erbium lasers nekutora zvisina kunanga masaini ekuona kuburikidza neayani ion uyezve kuendesa simba kuerbium.
Nheyo yeerbium laser yakafanana neye holmium laser, asi simba rayo rakaderera zvakanyanya pane reholmium laser. Iyo erbium laser ine wavelength ye2940 nanometers inogona kushandiswa kucheka nyama yakapfava. Kunyangwe iyi mhando yelaser iri munharaunda yepakati infrared iine kushomeka kwekupinda, inogona kukurumidza kunyudzwa nehunyoro mumatishu evanhu, ichiwana mhedzisiro yakanaka nesimba shoma. Inogona kucheka zvakanaka, kukuya, uye kubvisa matishu akapfava, zvichiita kuti maronda apore nekukurumidza. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvhiyiwa kwelaser senge muromo wemuromo, chena cataract, runako, kubvisa vanga, uye kubviswa kwekanyana.
Muna 1985, Yunivhesiti yeSouthampton kuUK neNortheastern University muJapan zvakabudirira kugadzira erbium-doped fiber amplifier. Mazuvano, Wuhan Optics Valley muWuhan, Hubei Province, China inokwanisa kuzvigadzira yakazvimirira iyi erbium-doped fiber amplifier uye kuitumira kuNorth America, Europe, nedzimwe nzvimbo. Ichi chishandiso ndechimwe chezvakanyanya kugadzirwa mufiber optic communication, chero bedzi chimwe chikamu cheerbium chichiitwa doped, chinogona kubhadhara kurasikirwa kwemasaini ekuona mumasisitimu ekutaurirana. Iyi amplifier parizvino ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mudziyo mufiber optic communication, inokwanisa kufambisa masaini masaini pasina kupera simba.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-16-2023