Terbiumndeyechikamu chezvinoremarare earths, ine hushoma huzhinji muhukuru hwePasi pane 1.1 ppm chete. Terbium oxide inoita isingasviki 0.01% yepasi rose risingawanzoitiki. Kunyangwe mune yakakwira yttrium ion mhando inorema isingawanzo matombo epasi ane akanyanya zvirimo muterbium, zvirimo zveterbium zvinongoverengera 1.1-1.2% yepasi rose risingawanzoitiki, zvichiratidza kuti ndecheboka re "noble" rezvinhu zvisingawanzo wanikwa pasi. Kwemakore anopfuura zana kubva pakawanikwa terbium muna 1843, kushomeka kwayo uye kukosha kwayo kwakadzivirira kushanda kwayo kwenguva yakareba. Ingori mumakore makumi matatu apfuura apo terbium yakaratidza tarenda rayo rakasiyana.
Discovering History
Chemist wekuSweden Carl Gustaf Mosander akawana terbium muna 1843. Akawana kusvibiswa kwayoYttrium(III) oxideuyeY2O3. Yttrium yakatumidzwa zita remusha weYtterby muSweden. Pamberi pekubuda kweiyoni yekutsinhana tekinoroji, terbium yakanga isiri yega mune yayo yakachena fomu.
Mosant akatanga kupatsanura Yttrium(III) oxide kuita zvikamu zvitatu, ese akatumidzwa zita re ores: Yttrium(III) oxide,Erbium(III) oxide, uye terbium oxide. Terbium oxide yakatanga yakagadzirwa nepink chikamu, nekuda kwechinhu chave kunzi erbium. "Erbium(III) oxide" (kusanganisira yatava kudaidza kuti terbium) pakutanga yaive chikamu chisina ruvara mumhinduro. Iyo insoluble oxide yechinhu ichi inoonekwa sebrown.
Gare gare vashandi vaisakwanisa kuona diki isina ruvara "Erbium(III) oxide", asi iyo yakanyungudika yepingi chikamu chaisagona kufuratirwa. Nharo pamusoro pekuvapo kweErbium(III) oxide dzakamuka kakawanda. Mumhirizhonga, zita rekutanga rakadzoserwa shure uye kuchinjana kwemazita kwakanamatira, saka chikamu chepinki chakazotaurwa semhinduro ine erbium (mumhinduro, yaive pink). Ikozvino inotendwa kuti vashandi vanoshandisa sodium bisulfate kana Potassium sulfate vanotoraCerium(IV) oxidekunze kweYttrium(III) oxide uye nekusaziva shandura terbium kuita sediment ine cerium. Chete chikamu chimwe chete muzana cheiyo Yttrium(III) oxide yepakutanga, yava kuzivikanwa se "terbium", inokwana kupfuudza ruvara rweyero kuYttrium(III) oxide. Naizvozvo, terbium chikamu chechipiri chaive nacho pakutanga, uye chinodzorwa nevavakidzani vayo vepedyo, gadolinium uye dysprosium.
Mushure mezvo, pese paipatsanurwa zvimwe zvinhu zvepasi zvisingawanzo kubva musanganiswa uyu, zvisinei nechikamu cheokisijeni, zita rekuti terbium rakachengetwa kusvika pakupedzisira, brown oxide ye terbium yakawanikwa muchimiro chakachena. Vatsvagiri vemuzana ramakore rechi 19 havana kushandisa tekinoroji ye ultraviolet fluorescence kuona inopenya yero kana girinhi nodules (III), zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti terbium izivikanwe mumisanganiswa yakasimba kana mhinduro.
Electron configuration
Electron configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Iyo Electron kumisikidzwa kweterbium ndeye [Xe] 6s24f9. Kazhinji, maerekitironi matatu chete ndiwo anogona kubviswa muchaji yenyukireya isati yanyanya kukura kuti iwedzere ionized, asi kana iri terbium, semi yakazadzwa terbium inobvumira erekitironi yechina kuti iwedzere ionized pamberi pemaoxidants akasimba kwazvo senge fluorine gasi.
Terbium isirivha chena isingawanzo simbi yepasi ine ductility, kuoma, uye kupfava kunogona kutemwa nebanga. Kunyungudika 1360 ℃, kuvira poindi 3123 ℃, density 8229 4kg/m3. Kuenzaniswa neLanthanide yekutanga, haina kugadzikana mumhepo. Sechinhu chepfumbamwe cheLanthanide, terbium isimbi ine magetsi akasimba. Inopindirana nemvura kuita haidrojeni.
Muzvisikwa, terbium haina kumbobvira yawanikwa sechinhu chemahara, chikamu chidiki chiripo mu phosphocerium thorium sand uye Gadolinite. Terbium inogarisana nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi mujecha remonazite, ine kazhinji 0.03% terbium yemukati. Mamwe masosi ndeye Xenotime uye nhema isingawanzo goridhe ores, ese ari musanganiswa weokisijeni uye ane inosvika 1% terbium.
Application
Kushandiswa kweterbium kunonyanya kusanganisira minda yepamusoro-soro, inova tekinoroji yakadzika uye ruzivo rwakadzama-mapurojekiti, pamwe nemapurojekiti ane zvakakosha zvehupfumi, ane tarisiro yebudiriro inoyevedza.
Nzvimbo huru dzekushandisa dzinosanganisira:
(1) Inoshandiswa muchimiro chevhu rakasanganiswa risingawanzo. Semuyenzaniso, inoshandiswa senge isingawanikwe pasi musanganiswa fetiraiza uye chikafu chekuwedzera chekurima.
(2) Activator yegirinhi poda mumatatu ekutanga fluorescent poda. Zvemazuvano optoelectronic zvinhu zvinoda kushandiswa kwemavara matatu ekutanga ephosphors, anoti tsvuku, girinhi, uye bhuruu, ayo anogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana mavara. Uye terbium chinhu chakakosha mumhando dzakawanda dzegirinhi fluorescent poda.
(3) Inoshandiswa semagneto optical kuchengetedza zvinhu. Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy matete mafirimu akashandiswa kugadzira yakakwirira-performance magneto-optical discs.
(4) Kugadzira magineti optical girazi. Faraday inotenderera girazi ine terbium chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira ma rotator, isolators, uye anotenderera mune laser tekinoroji.
(5) Kuvandudzwa nekuvandudzwa kweterbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) yakavhura zvikumbiro zvitsva zveterbium.
Zvekurima nekupfuya
Rare Earth terbium inogona kuvandudza mhando yezvirimwa uye kuwedzera mwero wephotosynthesis mukati meimwe nzvimbo yekusangana. Terbium complexes ine yakakwirira biological chiitiko. Ternary complexes ye terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, ine zvakanaka antibacterial uye bactericidal madhara paStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis uye Escherichia coli. Vane yakakura antibacterial spectrum. Chidzidzo chezviumbwa zvakadaro chinopa gwara idzva rekutsvagisa kumishonga yemazuva ano yebhakitiriya.
Inoshandiswa mumunda we luminescence
Zvemazuvano optoelectronic zvinhu zvinoda kushandiswa kwemavara matatu ekutanga ephosphors, anoti tsvuku, girinhi, uye bhuruu, ayo anogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana mavara. Uye terbium chinhu chakakosha mumhando dzakawanda dzegirinhi fluorescent poda. Kana kuberekwa kwepasi risingawanzo ruvara TV rutsvuku rwefluorescent poda yakakurudzira kudiwa kweyttrium uye europium, saka kushandiswa nekuvandudzwa kweterbium kwakasimudzirwa nepasi risingawanzoita matatu ekutanga ruvara rwegirini fluorescent poda yemarambi. Mukutanga ma1980s, Philips akagadzira rekutanga pasi rose compact simba-saving fluorescent rambi uye nekukasira kurisimudzira pasi rose. Tb3 + ions inogona kuburitsa girinhi mwenje ine wavelength ye545nm, uye dzinenge dzese nyika isingawanzo girini phosphors inoshandisa terbium se activator.
Iyo yakasvibira phosphor yeruvara TV cathode ray chubhu (CRT) yagara yakavakirwa paZinc sulfide, iyo yakachipa uye inoshanda, asi iyo terbium poda yagara ichishandiswa segirinhi phosphor yekuratidzira ruvara TV, kusanganisira Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3+, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+uye LaOBr ∶ Tb3+. Nekugadzirwa kwechidzitiro chikuru chepamusoro-tsanangudzo terevhizheni (HDTV), hupfu hwegirini hwefluorescent hupfu hweCRT huri kugadzirwa zvakare. Semuenzaniso, hybrid green fluorescent powder yakagadzirwa kunze kwenyika, inosanganisira Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, uye Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, iyo ine yakanakisa luminescence kushanda pakakwirira yazvino density.
Iyo yechinyakare X-ray fluorescent poda ndiyo calcium tungstate. Mumakore ekuma1970 nema1980, nyika isingawanzo phosphors yekusimbisa zvidzitiro yakagadzirwa, yakadai seterbium activated sulfur Lanthanum oxide, terbium activated bromine Lanthanum oxide (yegreen screens), terbium activated sulfur Yttrium(III) oxide, etc. isingawanzo pasi fluorescent poda inogona kuderedza nguva ye X-ray irradiation yevarwere ne80%, inovandudza kugadziriswa kwemafirimu eX-ray, kuwedzera hupenyu hwemachubhu eX-ray, uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Terbium inoshandiswawo sefluorescent powder activator yezvokurapa X-ray enhancement screens, iyo inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kunzwa kwe X-ray kutendeuka kuva mifananidzo yemaziso, kunatsiridza kujeka kwemafirimu e-X-ray, uye kuderedza zvakanyanya kuratidzwa kwe X- mwaranzi kumuviri wemunhu (kupfuura 50%).
Terbium inoshandiswawo se activator muchena LED phosphor inonakidzwa nechiedza chebhuruu kune nyowani semiconductor mwenje. Inogona kushandiswa kugadzira terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, ichishandisa mwenje weblue emitting diode semagetsi ekusimudzira magetsi, uye iyo inogadzirwa fluorescence inosanganiswa nemwenje wekukurudzira kuburitsa yakachena mwenje.
Zvinhu zve electroluminescent zvakagadzirwa neterbium zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira Zinc sulfide green phosphor ine terbium seyo activator. Pasi pe ultraviolet irradiation, organic complexes ye terbium inogona kuburitsa yakasimba yegirini fluorescence uye inogona kushandiswa seyakaonda firimu electroluminescent zvinhu. Kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwaitwa mukudzidza kweasingawanzo pasi organic yakaoma electroluminescent matete mafirimu, pachine imwe gap kubva kune inoshanda, uye tsvakiridzo pane isingawanzo pasi organic yakaoma electroluminescent matete mafirimu nemidziyo ichiri yakadzika.
Iyo fluorescence maitiro eterbium anoshandiswawo se fluorescence probes. Semuyenzaniso, Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) fluorescence probe yakashandiswa kuongorora kudyidzana pakati peOfloxacin terbium (Tb3+) yakaoma uye DNA (DNA) nefluorescence spectrum uye absorption spectrum, zvichiratidza kuti Ofloxacin Tb3+ probe inogona kuumba molecule inosunga neDNA. uye DNA inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya fluorescence ye Ofloxacin Tb3+ system. Kubva pane shanduko iyi, DNA inogona kutsanangurwa.
Kune magneto optical zvinhu
Zvishandiso zvine Faraday mhedzisiro, inozivikanwawo semagneto-optical materials, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumalaser uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemaziso. Kune mhando mbiri dzakajairika dzemagineti optical zvinhu: magneto optical makristasi uye magneto optical girazi. Pakati pavo, magneto-optical crystals (yakadai seYttrium iron garnet uye terbium gallium garnet) ine zvakanakira zvekugadzirisa kushandiswa kwemaitiro uye kugadzikana kwekushisa kwepamusoro, asi inodhura uye yakaoma kugadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, akawanda magineti-optical crystals ane yakakwira Faraday rotation angle ane high absorption mupfupi wave renji, ayo anoganhura kushandiswa kwawo. Kuenzaniswa nemagneto optical crystals, magneto optical girazi ine mukana wepamusoro transmittance uye iri nyore kugadzirwa kuita mabhuraki makuru kana mafiibha. Parizvino, magineti-optical magirazi ane yakakwira Faraday maitiro anonyanya kushoma pasi ion doped magirazi.
Inoshandiswa kune magneto optical kuchengetedza zvinhu
Mumakore achangopfuura, nekukurumidza kuvandudzwa kwemultimedia uye otomatiki ehofisi, kudiwa kwemagineti matsva epamusoro-soro kuri kuwedzera. Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy films akashandiswa kugadzira yakakwirira-performance magneto-optical discs. Pakati pavo, iyo TbFeCo alloy yakaonda firimu ine yakanyanya kuita. Terbium based magneto-optical materials yakagadzirwa pamwero mukuru, uye magneto-optical discs akagadzirwa kubva kwavari anoshandiswa semakomputa ekuchengetedza zvikamu, ane simba rekuchengetedza rakawedzera ne10-15 nguva. Vane mabhenefiti ehukuru hukuru uye nekukurumidza kupinda nekukurumidza, uye anogona kupukuta nekuputirwa makumi ezviuru zvenguva kana ichishandiswa kune yakakwirira-density optical discs. Izvo zvinhu zvakakosha mumagetsi ekuchengetedza ruzivo tekinoroji. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa magneto-optical zvinhu mumabhendi anooneka uye ari pedyo-infrared iTerbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) imwe kristaro, inova yakanakisa magneto-optical zvinhu zvekugadzira Faraday rotators uye isolators.
Kune magneto optical girazi
Faraday magneto optical girazi ine zvakanaka pachena uye isotropy munzvimbo dzinoonekwa uye infrared, uye inogona kugadzira akasiyana maumbirwo akaoma. Zviri nyore kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakakura uye zvinogona kudhonzwa mumafiber optical. Naizvozvo, ine tarisiro yakakura yekushandisa mune magneto Optical zvishandiso senge magneto Optical isolator, magneto Optical modulators, uye fiber optic ikozvino sensors. Nekuda kweiyo hombe yemagineti nguva uye diki yekunyudza coefficient mune inooneka uye infrared renji, Tb3 + ions yakave isingawanzo kushandiswa pasi ion mumagineti optical magirazi.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, nekudzika kweshanduko yepasirese yesainzi uye tekinoroji, nyika itsva isingawanzoitiki Applied Materials iri kubuda nekukurumidza. Muna 1984, Iowa State University yeUnited States, Ames Laboratory yeUnited States Dhipatimendi reMagetsi reUnited States uye US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (vashandi vakuru veiyo yakazogadzwa American Edge Technology Company (ET REMA) yakabva. pakati) pamwe chete vakagadzira nyowani isingawanzo pasi Smart zvinhu, zvinoti terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material. Ichi chitsva cheSmart material chine hunhu hwakanakisa hwekukurumidza kushandura simba remagetsi kuita magetsi emagetsi. Iwo epasi pemvura uye emagetsi-acoustic transducers akagadzirwa neiyi hofori magnetostrictive zvinhu akagadziridzwa zvakabudirira mumidziyo yengarava, oiri yekuona mataurirwo emvura, ruzha uye vibration control system, uye kuongorora kwemakungwa uye pasi pevhu kutaurirana masisitimu. Naizvozvo, pakangozvarwa terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, yakagamuchira kutariswa kwakapararira kubva kunyika dzakabudirira pasi rose. Edge Technologies muUnited States yakatanga kugadzira terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials muna 1989 ikadzitumidza kuti Terfenol D. Zvadaro, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, neAustralia dzakagadzirawo terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Kubva munhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa ichi muUnited States, zvese kugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye nekutanga monopolistic mashandisiro ane hukama zvakananga neindasitiri yemauto (yakadai semauto emugungwa). Kunyangwe madhipatimendi emauto nekudzivirira eChina ari kusimbisa zvishoma nezvishoma kunzwisisa kwavo kwechinhu ichi. Nekudaro, mushure mekunge China Yakazara Nyika Simba yawedzera zvakanyanya, zvinodiwa pakuona zano remakwikwi emauto muzana ramakore rechi21 uye kuvandudza mwero wemidziyo zvichave zvekukurumidzira. Naizvozvo, kushandiswa kwakapararira kweterbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive zvinhu nemadhipatimendi edziviriro ehondo nenyika zvichave zvakakosha zvenhoroondo.
Muchidimbu, akawanda akanakisa zvimiro zveterbium zvinoita kuti ive nhengo inodiwa yezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda uye chinzvimbo chisingadzoreki mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekushandisa. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira weterbium, vanhu vanga vachidzidza nzira yekudzivirira uye kuderedza kushandiswa kweterbium kuitira kuderedza mari yekugadzira. Semuenzaniso, zvisingawanzo pasi magneto-optical zvinhu zvinofanirwa kushandisa yakaderera-mutengo dysprosium iron cobalt kana gadolinium terbium cobalt zvakanyanya sezvinobvira; Edza kuderedza zvirimo zveterbium mugirini fluorescent poda inofanira kushandiswa. Mutengo wave chinhu chakakosha chinorambidza kushandiswa kwakapararira kweterbium. Asi zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda hazvigone kuita pasina iyo, saka tinofanira kuomerera kumutemo we "kushandisa simbi yakanaka pamucheka" uye edza kuchengetedza kushandiswa kweterbium zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-05-2023