Terbiumndeyechikamu chenyika inorema isingawanzo, ine yakaderera kuwanda muPasi pasi pa 1.1 ppm chete.Terbium oxideinoita isingasviki 0.01% yepasi rose risingawanzoitiki. Kunyangwe mune yakakwira yttrium ion mhando inorema isingawanzo matombo epasi ane iyo yepamusoro yemukati yeterbium, iyo terbium yemukati inongoita 1.1-1.2% yehuwandu.rare pasi, zvichiratidza kuti ndecheboka re“vanokudzwa” rerare pasizvinhu. Kwemakore anopfuura zana kubva pakawanikwa terbium muna 1843, kushomeka kwayo uye kukosha kwayo kwakadzivirira kushanda kwayo kwenguva yakareba. Mumakore makumi matatu chete apfuuraterbiumyakaratidza tarenda rayo rakasiyana.
Discovering History
Nyanzvi yekemisitiri yeSweden Carl Gustaf Mosander akawana terbium muna 1843. Akawana kusvibiswa kwayoyttrium oxideuyeY2O3. Yttriumyakatumidzwa zita remusha weItby muSweden. Pamberi pekubuda kweiyoni yekutsinhana tekinoroji, terbium yakanga isiri yega mune yayo yakachena fomu.
Mossander akatanga kupatsanurayttrium oxidemuzvikamu zvitatu, zvose zvakatumidzwa zita rematombo:yttrium oxide, erbium oxide,uyeterbium oxide. Terbium oxideyakatanga kuumbwa nechikamu chepingi, nekuda kwechinhu chave kunzierbium. Erbium oxide(kusanganisira yatava kudaidza kuti terbium) pakutanga yaive chikamu chisina ruvara mumhinduro. Iyo insoluble oxide yechinhu ichi inoonekwa sebrown.
Gare gare vashandi vakazoona zvakaoma kuona tuduku tusina ruvara “erbium oxide", asi chikamu chepingi chinonyungudika hachigone kufuratirwa. Nharo pamusoro pekuvapo kweerbium oxideyakabuda kakawanda. Mumhirizhonga, zita rekutanga rakadzoserwa shure uye kuchinjana kwemazita kwakanamatira, saka chikamu chepinki chakazotaurwa semhinduro ine erbium (mumhinduro, yaive pink). Ikozvino inotendwa kuti vashandi vanoshandisa sodium disulfide kana potassium sulfate kubvisa cerium dioxide kubvayttrium oxidetendeuka usingaziviterbiummune cerium ine precipitates. Parizvino inozivikanwa se'terbium', ingangoita 1% yepakutangayttrium oxideiripo, asi izvi zvakakwana kuendesa ruvara rweyeroyttrium oxide. Naizvozvo,terbiumchikamu chechipiri chaive nacho pakutanga, uye chinodzorwa nevavakidzani vayo vepedyo,gadoliniumuyedysprosium.
Pashure, chero zvimwerare pasizvinhu zvakapatsanurwa kubva musanganiswa uyu, zvisinei nechikamu cheiyo oxide, zita re terbium rakachengetwa kusvika pakupedzisira, brown oxide ye.terbiumyakawanikwa muchimiro chakachena. Vatsvagiri vemuzana ramakore rechi 19 havana kushandisa tekinoroji ye ultraviolet fluorescence kuona inopenya yero kana girinhi nodules (III), zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti terbium izivikanwe mumisanganiswa yakasimba kana mhinduro.
Electron configuration
Magadzirirwo emagetsi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Kurongeka kwemagetsi kweterbiumiri [Xe] 6s24f9. Kazhinji, maerekitironi matatu chete ndiwo anogona kubviswa mari yenyukireya isati yanyanya kukura kuti iwedzere ionized. Zvisinei, munyaya yeterbium, semi yakazadzwaterbiuminobvumira kuwedzera ionization yerekitironi yechina muhupo hwehutu hwakasimba hwakadai sefluorine gasi.
Metal
Terbiumisirivha chena isingawanzo simbi ine ductility, kuoma, uye kupfava kunogona kutemwa nebanga. Kunyungudika 1360 ℃, kuvira poindi 3123 ℃, density 8229 4kg/m3. Kana ichienzaniswa neyekutanga lanthanide element, haina kugadzikana mumhepo. Chinhu chepfumbamwe chelanthanide elements, terbium, isimbi yakachajiswa zvakanyanya inopindirana nemvura kuita gasi rehydrogen.
Muzvisikwa,terbiumhaisati yamboonekwa sechinhu chemahara, chiripo mune zvidiki mu phosphorous cerium thorium sand uye silicon beryllium yttrium ore.Terbiuminogarisana nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi mujecha remonazite, ine kazhinji 0.03% terbium yemukati. Mamwe magwaro anosanganisira yttrium phosphate uye goridhe repasi risingawanzo, ese ari masanganiswa emaokisisi ane anosvika 1% terbium.
Application
Kushandiswa kweterbiumzvakanyanya zvinosanganisira minda yepamusoro-soro, inova tekinoroji yakadzika uye ruzivo rwakadzama-mapurojekiti, pamwe nemapurojekiti ane zvakakosha zvehupfumi, ane tarisiro yebudiriro inoyevedza.
Nzvimbo huru dzekushandisa dzinosanganisira:
(1) Inoshandiswa muchimiro chevhu rakasanganiswa risingawanzo. Semuyenzaniso, inoshandiswa senge isingawanikwe pasi musanganiswa fetiraiza uye chikafu chekuwedzera chekurima.
(2) Activator yegirinhi poda mumatatu ekutanga fluorescent poda. Zvemazuvano optoelectronic zvinhu zvinoda kushandiswa kwemavara matatu ekutanga ephosphors, anoti tsvuku, girinhi, uye bhuruu, ayo anogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana mavara. Uyeterbiumchinhu chakakosha mumhando dzakawanda dzegirinhi fluorescent poda.
(3) Inoshandiswa semagneto optical kuchengetedza zvinhu. Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy matete mafirimu akashandiswa kugadzira yakakwirira-performance magneto optical discs.
(4) Kugadzira magineti optical girazi. Faraday inotenderera girazi ine terbium chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira ma rotator, isolators, uye anotenderera mune laser tekinoroji.
(5) Kuvandudzwa nekuvandudzwa kweterbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) yakavhura zvikumbiro zvitsva zveterbium.
Zvekurima nekupfuya
Rare pasiterbiuminogona kuvandudza kunaka kwezvirimwa uye kuwedzera chiyero chephotosynthesis mukati meimwe nzvimbo yekuisa pfungwa. Iyo yakaoma ye terbium ine yakakwirira biological chiitiko, uye iyo ternary complexes yeterbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, vane zvakanaka antibacterial uye bactericidal migumisiro paStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, uye Escherichia coli, ine broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Kudzidza kweaya macomplexes kunopa gwara idzva rekutsvagisa kumishonga yemazuva ano yebhakitiriya.
Inoshandiswa mumunda we luminescence
Zvemazuvano optoelectronic zvinhu zvinoda kushandiswa kwemavara matatu ekutanga ephosphors, anoti tsvuku, girinhi, uye bhuruu, ayo anogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana mavara. Uye terbium chinhu chakakosha mumhando dzakawanda dzegirinhi fluorescent poda. Kana kuberekwa kwepasi isingawanzo ruvara TV tsvuku fluorescent poda yakakurudzira kudiwa kweyttriumuyeeuropium, ipapo kushandiswa uye kuvandudzwa kwe terbium kwave kusimudzirwa nepasi isingawanzo 3 primary color green fluorescent poda yemarambi. Mukutanga ma1980s, Philips akagadzira rekutanga pasi rose compact simba-saving fluorescent rambi uye nekukasira kurisimudzira pasi rose. Tb3 + ions inogona kuburitsa girinhi mwenje ine wavelength ye545nm, uye dzinenge dzese dzinowanikwa pasi pegirinhi fluorescent poda dzinoshandisa.terbium, se activator.
Iyo yakasvibira fluorescent poda inoshandiswa kune ruvara TV cathode ray machubhu (CRTs) yakagara yakavakirwa pane yakachipa uye inoshanda zinc sulfide, asi terbium poda yagara ichishandiswa sefungidziro yeruvara rweTV girinhi poda, seY2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, uye LaOBr: Tb3+. Nekugadzirwa kwechidzitiro chikuru chepamusoro-tsanangudzo terevhizheni (HDTV), hupfu hwegirini hwefluorescent hupfu hweCRT huri kugadzirwa zvakare. Semuenzaniso, hybrid green fluorescent powder yakagadzirwa kunze kwenyika, inosanganisira Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, uye Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, iyo ine yakanakisa luminescence kushanda pakakwirira yazvino density.
Iyo yechinyakare X-ray fluorescent poda ndiyo calcium tungstate. Mumakore ekuma1970 nema1980s, zvisingawanzo pasi pasi fluorescent poda yekukurudzira masikirini akagadzirwa, senge.terbium,activated lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (yegreen screens), uye terbium activated yttrium sulfide oxide. Kuenzaniswa ne calcium tungstate, isingawanzo pasi fluorescent powder inogona kuderedza nguva ye X-ray irradiation kuvarwere ne80%, kuvandudza kugadziriswa kwemafirimu e-X-ray, kuwedzera hupenyu hwe X-ray tubes, uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Terbium inoshandiswawo sefluorescent powder activator yezvokurapa X-ray enhancement screens, iyo inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kunzwa kwe X-ray kutendeuka kuva mifananidzo yemaziso, kunatsiridza kujeka kwemafirimu e-X-ray, uye kuderedza zvakanyanya kuratidzwa kwe X- mwaranzi kumuviri wemunhu (kupfuura 50%).
Terbiuminoshandiswawo se activator muchena LED phosphor inonakidzwa nechiedza chebhuruu kune nyowani semiconductor mwenje. Inogona kushandiswa kugadzira terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, ichishandisa mwenje weblue emitting diodes semagetsi ekusimudzira magetsi, uye iyo inogadzirwa fluorescence inosanganiswa nemwenje wekukurudzira kuburitsa yakachena mwenje.
Zvinhu zve electroluminescent zvakagadzirwa kubva kuterbium zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira zinc sulfide green fluorescent poda ine.terbiumse activator. Pasi pe ultraviolet irradiation, organic complexes ye terbium inogona kuburitsa yakasimba yegirini fluorescence uye inogona kushandiswa seyakaonda firimu electroluminescent zvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwakaitwa mukudzidza kwerare pasiorganic yakaoma electroluminescent matete mafirimu, pachine imwe gap kubva kune inoshanda, uye tsvagiridzo pane isingawanzo pasi organic yakaoma electroluminescent matete mafirimu uye zvishandiso zvichiri zvakadzama.
Iyo fluorescence maitiro eterbium anoshandiswawo se fluorescence probes. Kudyidzana kuri pakati peofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) yakaoma uye deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kwakaongororwa pachishandiswa fluorescence uye absorption spectra, senge fluorescence probe ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti ofloxacin Tb3+ probe inogona kuumba groove inosunga nemamorekuru eDNA, uye deoxyribonucleic acid inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya fluorescence yeofloxacin Tb3+ system. Kubva pane shanduko iyi, deoxyribonucleic acid inogona kutsanangurwa.
Kune magneto optical zvinhu
Zvishandiso zvine Faraday mhedzisiro, inozivikanwawo semagneto-optical materials, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumalaser uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemaziso. Kune mhando mbiri dzakajairika dzemagineti optical zvinhu: magneto optical makristasi uye magneto optical girazi. Pakati pavo, magneto-optical crystals (yakadai seyttrium iron garnet uye terbium gallium garnet) ine zvakanakira zvekugadzirisa kushandiswa kwemaitiro uye kugadzikana kwepamusoro kwekushisa, asi inodhura uye yakaoma kugadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, akawanda magineti-optical crystals ane high Faraday rotation angles ane high absorption mupfupi wave renji, anoganhura kushandiswa kwawo. Kuenzaniswa nemagneto optical crystals, magneto optical girazi ine mukana wepamusoro transmittance uye iri nyore kugadzirwa kuita mabhuraki makuru kana mafiibha. Parizvino, magineti-optical magirazi ane yakakwira Faraday maitiro anonyanya kushoma pasi ion doped magirazi.
Inoshandiswa kune magneto optical kuchengetedza zvinhu
Mumakore achangopfuura, nekukurumidza kuvandudzwa kwemultimedia uye otomatiki ehofisi, kudiwa kwemagineti matsva epamusoro-soro kuri kuwedzera. Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy matete mafirimu akashandiswa kugadzira yakakwirira-performance magneto optical discs. Pakati pavo, iyo TbFeCo alloy yakaonda firimu ine yakanyanya kuita. Terbium based magneto-optical materials yakagadzirwa pamwero mukuru, uye magneto-optical discs akagadzirwa kubva kwavari anoshandiswa semakomputa ekuchengetedza zvikamu, ane simba rekuchengetedza rakawedzera ne10-15 nguva. Vane mabhenefiti ehukuru hukuru uye nekukurumidza kupinda nekukurumidza, uye anogona kupukuta nekuputirwa makumi ezviuru zvenguva kana ichishandiswa kune yakakwirira-density optical discs. Izvo zvinhu zvakakosha mumagetsi ekuchengetedza ruzivo tekinoroji. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa magneto-optical zvinhu mumabhendi anooneka uye ari pedyo-infrared iTerbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) imwe kristaro, inova yakanakisa magneto-optical zvinhu zvekugadzira Faraday rotators uye isolators.
Kune magneto optical girazi
Faraday magneto optical girazi ine zvakanaka pachena uye isotropy munzvimbo dzinoonekwa uye infrared, uye inogona kugadzira akasiyana maumbirwo akaoma. Zviri nyore kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakakura uye zvinogona kudhonzwa mumafiber optical. Naizvozvo, ine tarisiro yakakura yekushandisa mune magneto Optical zvishandiso senge magneto Optical isolator, magneto Optical modulators, uye fiber optic ikozvino sensors. Nekuda kweiyo hombe yemagineti nguva uye diki yekunyudza coefficient mune inooneka uye infrared renji, Tb3 + ions yakave isingawanzo kushandiswa pasi ion mumagineti optical magirazi.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, nekuramba kuchidzika kweshanduko yetekinoroji yepasirese, zvinhu zvitsva zvekushandisa pasi zvisingawanzo kukurumidza kubuda. Muna 1984, Iowa State University, iyo Ames Laboratory yeUS Dhipatimendi reMagetsi, uye US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (kubva kwakauya vashandi vakuru veiyo yakazogadzwa Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) vakabatira pamwe kugadzira imwe isingawanzo. pasi rakangwara zvinhu, zvinoti terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive zvinhu. Ichi chitsva chine njere zvinhu zvine maitiro akanakisa ekukurumidza kushandura simba remagetsi kuita mechanical simba. Iwo epasi pemvura uye emagetsi-acoustic transducers akagadzirwa neiyi hofori magnetostrictive zvinhu akagadziridzwa zvakabudirira mumidziyo yengarava, oiri yekuona mataurirwo emvura, ruzha uye vibration control system, uye kuongorora kwemakungwa uye pasi pevhu kutaurirana masisitimu. Naizvozvo, pakangozvarwa terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, yakagamuchira kutariswa kwakapararira kubva kunyika dzakabudirira pasi rose. Edge Technologies muUnited States yakatanga kugadzira terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials muna 1989 ikadzitumidza kuti Terfenol D. Zvadaro, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, neAustralia dzakagadzirawo terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Kubva munhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa ichi muUnited States, zvese kugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye nekutanga monopolistic mashandisiro ane hukama zvakananga neindasitiri yemauto (yakadai semauto emugungwa). Kunyangwe madhipatimendi emauto nekudzivirira eChina ari kusimbisa zvishoma nezvishoma kunzwisisa kwavo kwechinhu ichi. Nekudaro, nekuwedzera kwakakosha kwesimba rakazara renyika reChina, kudiwa kwekuwana 21st yezana ramakore remakwikwi emauto uye kuvandudza mazinga emidziyo zvirokwazvo kuchave nekukasira. Naizvozvo, kushandiswa kwakapararira kweterbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive zvinhu nemadhipatimendi edziviriro ehondo nenyika zvichave zvakakosha zvenhoroondo.
Muchidimbu, akawanda akanakisa zvimiro zveterbiumita kuti ive nhengo inodiwa yezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda uye chinzvimbo chisingadzoreki mune mamwe maficha ekushandisa. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira weterbium, vanhu vanga vachidzidza nzira yekudzivirira uye kuderedza kushandiswa kweterbium kuitira kuderedza mari yekugadzira. Semuenzaniso, zvisingawanzo pasi magneto-optical zvinhu zvinofanirwa kushandisa yakaderera-mutengoDysprosium ironcobalt kana gadolinium terbium cobalt zvakanyanya sezvinobvira; Edza kuderedza zvirimo zveterbium mugirini fluorescent poda inofanira kushandiswa. Mutengo wava chinhu chakakosha chinorambidza kushandiswa kwakapararira kweterbium. Asi zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda hazvigone kuita pasina iyo, saka tinofanira kuomerera kune chirevo che "kushandisa simbi yakanaka pane blade" uye edza kuchengetedza kushandiswa kweterbiumzvakanyanya sezvinobvira.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-25-2023