Ytterbium: nhamba yeatomu 70, huremu hweatomu 173.04, zita rechimwe chinhu rakatorwa kubva kwayakawanikwa. Zvemukati ytterbium mucrust ndeye 0.000266%, kunyanya iripo muphosphorite uye dema isingawanzo goridhe deposits. Zvirimo mumonazite ndeye 0.03%, uye kune 7 masotopi echisikigo
Discovered
By: Marinak
Nguva: 1878
Nzvimbo: Switzerland
Muna 1878, maSwiss chemist Jean Charles naG Marignac vakawana chinhu chitsva chisingawanikwe mu "erbium". Muna 1907, Ulban naWeils vakataura kuti Marignac akaparadzanisa musanganiswa we lutetium oxide uye ytterbium oxide. Mukurangarira musha mudiki unonzi Yteerby padhuze neStockholm, pakawanikwa yttrium ore, chinhu chitsva ichi chakanzi Ytterbium nechiratidzo Yb.
Electron configuration
Electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Metal
Metallic ytterbium isirivha grey, ductile, uye ine manyoro akapfava. Patembiricha yemumba, ytterbium inogona kuokisiswa zvishoma nezvishoma nemhepo nemvura.
Kune maviri makristasi zvimiro: α- Iyo mhando ichiso chakananga cubic crystal system (tembiricha yekamuri -798 ℃); β- Rudzi rwemuviri wakatarisana cubic (pamusoro 798 ℃) lattice. Melting point 824 ℃, boiling point 1427 ℃, relative density 6.977（ α- Type), 6.54（ β- Type).
Isoluble mumvura inotonhora, soluble mu acids uye liquid ammonia. Yakanyatsogadzikana mumhepo. Zvakafanana nesamarium uye europium, ytterbium ndeyekusiyana valence isingawanzo pasi, uye inogonawo kunge iri mune yakanaka divalent mamiriro mukuwedzera kune kazhinji trivalent.
Nekuda kweiyo shanduko yevalence hunhu, kugadzirira kwesimbi ytterbium hakufanirwe kuitwa ne electrolysis, asi nekuderedza distillation nzira yekugadzirira nekucheneswa. Kazhinji, lanthanum metal inoshandiswa sechinhu chinoderedza kuderedza distillation, uchishandisa mutsauko uripo pakati pehutsi hwepamusoro hweytterbium metal uye low vapor pressure yelanthanum metal. Neimwe nzira,thulium, ytterbium,uyelutetiumconcentrates inogona kushandiswa seyakagadzirwa zvinhu, uyesimbi lanthanuminogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinoderedza. Pasi pepamusoro tembiricha vacuum mamiriro e> 1100 ℃ uye <0.133Pa, simbi ytterbium inogona kutorwa zvakananga nekuderedza distillation. Kufanana nesamarium uye europium, ytterbium inogonawo kuparadzaniswa uye kucheneswa kuburikidza nekuderera kwemvura. Kazhinji, thulium, ytterbium, uye lutetium concentrates anoshandiswa sezviyo. Mushure mekunyungudika, ytterbium inoderedzwa kuita divalent mamiriro, zvichikonzera misiyano yakakura mumidziyo, uye yozoparadzaniswa kubva kune dzimwe trivalent zvisingawanzo pasi. Kugadzirwa kwepamusoro-kuchenaytterbium oxideinowanzoitwa nekubvisa chromatography kana ion exchange nzira.
Application
Inoshandiswa pakugadzira alloys akakosha. Ytterbium alloys akaiswa mumishonga yemazino ye metallurgical uye makemikari kuedza.
Mumakore achangopfuura, ytterbium yakabuda uye yakakurumidza kugadzirwa muminda yefiber optic kutaurirana uye laser tekinoroji.
Nekuvaka nekuvandudzwa kwe "information highway", makombiyuta network uye kureba-kure optical fiber transmission systems inowedzera zvinodiwa zvekushanda kwe optical fiber zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mu optical communication. Ytterbium ions, nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwakanakisa, inogona kushandiswa sefiber amplification zvinhu zvekuona kutaurirana, senge erbium uye thulium. Kunyange zvazvo zvisingawanzoitiki pasi element erbium ichiri mutambi mukuru mukugadzirira kwefiber amplifiers, tsika dzechinyakare erbium-doped quartz fiber dzine zvishoma kuwana bandwidth (30nm), zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekufambisa kwepamusoro-kumhanya uye kwepamusoro-soro. Yb3+ion ine yakakura kunyura muchinjiko-chikamu pane Er3+ion yakatenderedza 980nm. Kuburikidza nekuita kwekunzwa kweYb3+ uye kufambiswa kwesimba kweerbium uye ytterbium, iyo 1530nm mwenje inogona kukwidziridzwa zvakanyanya, nekudaro ichivandudza zvakanyanya kugona kwechiedza.
Mumakore achangopfuura, erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate girazi yakawedzera kufarirwa nevaongorori. Magirazi ePhosphate uye fluorophosphate ane makemikari akanaka uye kugadzikana kwekupisa, pamwe neyakakura infrared transmittance uye yakakura isina-uniform yekuwedzera hunhu, ichivaita zvinhu zvakanaka zvebroadband uye kuwana yakakwirira erbium-doped amplification fiber girazi. Yb3 + doped fiber amplifiers inogona kuwana simba rekusimudzira uye diki chiratidzo chekusimudzira, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kuminda senge fiber optic sensors, yemahara space laser kutaurirana, uye yekupedzisira pfupi pulse amplification. China parizvino yakavaka chiteshi chikuru chepasirese chiteshi uye inokurumidza kukurumidza optical transmission system, uye ine ruzivo rwakakura kwazvo pasi rose. Ytterbium doped uye imwe isingawanzo pasi doped fiber amplifiers uye laser zvinhu zvinotamba yakakosha uye yakakosha basa mazviri.
Iwo maspectral maitiro eytterbium anoshandiswawo seyepamusoro-mhando laser zvinhu, ese semakristasi e laser, magirazi e laser, uye fiber lasers. Seyakanyanya-simba laser zvinhu, ytterbium doped laser crystals yakagadzira yakakura nhevedzano, kusanganisira ytterbium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium doped gadolinium gallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP) , ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, uye silicate. Semiconductor laser (LD) rudzi rutsva rwepombi sosi kune yakasimba-nyika lasers. Yb: YAG ine akawanda maitiro akakodzera epamusoro-simba LD kupomba uye yave laser zvinhu zvepamusoro-simba LD kupomba. Yb: S-FAP crystal inogona kushandiswa selaser zvinhu zvelaser nuclear fusion mune ramangwana, izvo zvave kukwezva pfungwa dzevanhu. Mu tunable laser crystals, kune chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) ine wavelengths kubva 2.84 kusvika 3.05 μ Inoramba ichigadziriswa pakati pem. Zvinoenderana nenhamba, mazhinji einfrared warheads anoshandiswa muzvombo zvepasirese anoshandisa 3-5 μ Naizvozvo, kuvandudzwa kweCr, Yb, Ho: YSGG lasers inogona kupa kupindira kunoshanda kwepakati infrared inotungamirwa zvombo zvekupikisa, uye zvine kukosha kwechiuto. China yakawana yakatevedzana yemhedzisiro mhedzisiro ine yepasirese yepamusoro nhanho mumunda weytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, nezvimwewo), kugadzirisa matekinoroji akakosha sekukura kwekristaro uye laser nekukurumidza, pulse, inoenderera, uye inogadziriswa kubuda. Mhedzisiro yetsvagiridzo yakashandiswa mukudzivirira kwenyika, indasitiri, uye engineering yesainzi, uye ytterbium doped crystal zvigadzirwa zvakatumirwa kune dzakawanda nyika nematunhu akadai seUnited States neJapan.
Chimwe chikamu chikuru cheytterbium laser zvinhu igirazi relaser. Akasiyana-siyana akakwira emission cross-section laser magirazi akagadzirwa, anosanganisira germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate, uye phosphate. Nekuda kwekureruka kwekuumbwa kwegirazi, inogona kugadzirwa kuita hukuru hukuru uye ine hunhu hwakadai seyepamusoro mwenje transmittance uye yakakwirira kufanana, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kugadzira epamusoro-simba lasers. Iyo isingawanzo girosi yepasi laser girazi yaimbove yakanyanya neodymium girazi, ine nhoroondo yebudiriro yeanopfuura makore makumi mana uye yakakura kugadzira uye kushandisa tekinoroji. Zvagara zviri izvo zvinofarirwa zvemhando yepamusoro-simba laser zvishandiso uye zvakashandiswa munyukireya fusion yekuyedza zvishandiso uye laser zvombo. Iwo epamusoro-simba laser midziyo yakavakwa muChina, ine laser neodymium girazi seyo huru laser medium, yasvika padanho repamusoro repasi. Asi laser neodymium girazi ikozvino yakatarisana nedambudziko rine simba kubva kune laser ytterbium girazi.
Mumakore achangopfuura, nhamba huru yezvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvelaser ytterbium girazi zvinodarika izvo zve neodymium girazi. Nekuda kwekuti ytterbium doped luminescence inongova nemazinga maviri esimba, simba rekuchengetedza simba rakakwirira. Panguva imwecheteyo, girazi reytterbium rine simba rekuchengetedza simba rakapetwa ka16 kupfuura neodymium girazi, uye hupenyu hwefluorescence 3 nguva yegirazi ye neodymium. Iyo ine zvakare mabhenefiti akadai seyakakwira doping concentration, absorption bandwidth, uye inogona kupombwa yakananga nema semiconductors, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kune yakakwirira-simba lasers. Nekudaro, iyo inoshanda yeytterbium laser girazi inowanzo vimba nerubatsiro rwe neodymium, sekushandisa Nd3 + sesensitizer kugadzira ytterbium laser girazi kushanda patembiricha yekamuri uye μ Laser emission inowanikwa pam wavelength. Saka, ytterbium uye neodymium vese vari kukwikwidza uye vanodyidzana vanobatana mumunda wegirazi relaser.
Nekugadzirisa kuumbwa kwegirazi, akawanda luminescent zvimiro zveytterbium laser girazi anogona kuvandudzwa. Nekuvandudzwa kweapamusoro-simba lasers senzira huru, lasers akagadzirwa neytterbium laser girazi ari kuwedzera kushandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemazuva ano, zvekurima, mushonga, tsvakiridzo yesainzi, uye kushandiswa kwemauto.
Kushandiswa kwechiuto: Kushandisa simba rinogadzirwa nenyukireya fusion sezvo simba ragara riri chinangwa chinotarisirwa, uye kuwana kudzorwa kusanganiswa kwenyukireya kuchave nzira yakakosha kumunhu kugadzirisa matambudziko esimba. Ytterbium doped laser girazi yave kuita yakasarudzika zvinhu zvekuwana inertial confinement fusion (ICF) inokwidziridzwa muzana ramakore rechi21 nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanaka kwelaser.
Zvombo zveLaser zvinoshandisa simba guru relaser beam kurova nekuparadza zvinangwa, zvichigadzira tembiricha yemabhiriyoni emadhigirii Celsius uye kurwisa zvakananga nekumhanya kwechiedza. Ivo vanogona kunzi Nadana uye vane hutsinye hukuru, kunyanya yakakodzera kune yemazuva ano mhepo yekudzivirira zvombo masisitimu muhondo. Kuita kwakanakisa kweytterbium doped laser girazi kwaita kuti ive yakakosha zvinhu zvekugadzira-yepamusoro-simba uye yepamusoro-inoshanda laser zvombo.
Fiber laser inokurumidza kuvandudza tekinoroji uye zvakare ndeyemunda welaser girazi application. Fiber laser laser inoshandisa faibha seyepakati laser, inova chigadzirwa chemusanganiswa wefiber uye laser tekinoroji. Iyo tekinoroji nyowani yakagadzirwa pahwaro hweerbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) tekinoroji. A fiber laser inoumbwa ne semiconductor laser diode sepombi sosi, fiber optic waveguide uye kuwana yepakati, uye optical zvinhu senge grating fibers uye couplers. Izvo hazvidi kugadziridzwa kwemakanika kweiyo nzira ye optical, uye iyo michina inobatanidza uye iri nyore kubatanidza. Kuenzaniswa neyechinyakare solid-state lasers uye semiconductor lasers, ine tekinoroji uye kuita kwakanakira senge yakakwira danda mhando, kugadzikana kwakanaka, kuramba kwakasimba kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, hapana gadziriso, hapana kugadzirisa, uye compact chimiro. Nekuda kwekuti iyo doped ion inonyanya kuve Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, ese anoshandisa isingawanzo pasi fibers sekuwana midhiya, iyo fiber laser inogadzirwa nekambani inogona zvakare. inodaidzwa kuti rare earth fiber laser.
Laser application: Yakakwira simba ytterbium doped double clad fiber laser yave nzvimbo inopisa mune yakasimba-state laser tekinoroji pasi rose mumakore achangopfuura. Iyo ine mabhenefiti emhando yakanaka yedanda, compact chimiro, uye yakakwirira shanduko inoshanda, uye ine yakafara tarisiro yekushandisa mukugadzirisa maindasitiri uye mamwe minda. Kaviri akapfeka ytterbium doped fibers akakodzera semiconductor laser kupomba, ine yakakwirira coupling inoshanda uye yakakwirira laser inobuda simba, uye ndiyo huru nzira yekusimudzira yeytterbium doped fibers. China yakapetwa kaviri yakapfeka ytterbium doped fiber tekinoroji haisisiri padanho repamusoro renyika dzekunze. Iyo ytterbium doped fiber, double clad ytterbium doped fiber, uye erbium ytterbium co doped fiber yakagadziridzwa kuChina yasvika padanho repamusoro rezvigadzirwa zvekunze zvakafanana maererano nekuita uye kuvimbika, zvine mutengo wakanaka, uye vane hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji yezvigadzirwa zvakawanda uye nzira. .
Kambani ine mukurumbira pasi rose yeGerman IPG laser kambani nguva pfupi yadarika yakazivisa kuti yavo ichangobva kuvhurwa ytterbium doped fiber laser system ine yakanakisa danda hunhu, hupenyu hwepombi hweanopfuura maawa 50000, yepakati emission wavelength ye1070nm-1080nm, uye simba rekubuda rinosvika 20KW. Yakaiswa mukunama, kucheka, uye kuchera matombo.
Laser zvinhu ndiwo musimboti uye hwaro hwekuvandudza kwelaser tekinoroji. Pagara paine chirevo muindasitiri yelaser kuti 'chizvarwa chimwe chezvigadzirwa, chizvarwa chimwe chemidziyo'. Kugadzira epamberi uye anoshanda laser zvishandiso, zvinodikanwa kutanga uine yakakwirira-inoshanda laser zvinhu uye kubatanidza mamwe akakodzera matekinoroji. Ytterbium doped laser crystals uye laser girazi, sesimba idzva rezvinhu zvakasimba laser zvinhu, vari kusimudzira kuvandudzwa kwefiber optic kutaurirana uye laser tekinoroji, kunyanya mukucheka-kumucheto laser tekinoroji senge yakakwirira-simba renyukireya fusion lasers, yakakwirira-simba kurohwa. mataira lasers, uye yakakwirira-simba rezvombo lasers.
Uye zvakare, ytterbium inoshandiswawo se fluorescent poda activator, radio ceramics, additives emagetsi komputa memory components (magnetic bubbles), uye optical glass additives. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti yttrium uye yttrium zvese zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi. Kunyangwe paine misiyano yakakura mumazita echiRungu nezviratidzo zvechirungu, iyo Chinese phonetic alphabet ine masyllables akafanana. Mune dzimwe shanduro dzeChinese, yttrium dzimwe nguva inonzi yttrium zvisiri izvo. Mune ino kesi, isu tinofanirwa kuteedzera zvinyorwa zvepakutanga uye kusanganisa zviratidzo zvechinhu kusimbisa.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-30-2023