Scandium, ine element sign Sc uye Atomic nhamba ye21, inonyungudika zviri nyore mumvura, inogona kusangana nemvura inopisa, uye inosviba nyore mumhepo. Valence yayo huru ndeye+3. Inowanzosanganiswa ne gadolinium, erbium, nezvimwe zvinhu, ine goho rakaderera uye zvinyorwa zvingangoita 0.0005% mucrust. Scandium inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira girazi rakakosha uye lightweight high-temperature alloys.
Parizvino, nzvimbo dzakasimbiswa dze scandium munyika dzinongori matani emamiriyoni maviri, 90 ~ 95% ayo ari muBauxite, phosphorite uye iron titanium ores, uye chikamu chidiki muuranium, thorium, tungsten uye zvisingawanzo pasi ores, kunyanya. akaparadzirwa muRussia, China, Tajikistan, Madagascar, Norway nedzimwe nyika. China yakapfuma zvakanyanya mu scandium zviwanikwa, ine hombe yemamineral reserves ine chekuita ne scandium. Zvinoenderana nehuwandu husina kukwana, matura e scandium muChina angangoita 600000 matani, ayo ari muBauxite uye phosphorite deposits, porphyry uye quartz vein tungsten deposits muSouth China, isingawanzo dhipoziti pasi muSouth China, Bayan Obo isingawanzo pasi iron ore deposit mu. Inner Mongolia, uye Panzhihua vanadium titanium magnetite deposit muSichuan.
Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwe scandium, mutengo we scandium zvakare wakakwira zvakanyanya, uye nepamusoro-soro, mutengo we scandium wakawedzerwa kusvika kagumi mutengo wegoridhe. Kunyange zvazvo mutengo we scandium wadonha, uchiri nekakana mutengo wegoridhe!
Discovering History
Muna 1869, Mendeleev akaona gaka muatomic mass pakati pe calcium (40) uye titanium (48), uye akafanotaura kuti pakanga panewo chisingazivikanwi chepakati peatomic mass element pano. Akafanotaura kuti okisidi yayo ndeye X ₂ O Å. Scandium yakawanikwa muna 1879 naLars Frederik Nilson weUppsala University muSweden. Akaibvisa mumugodhi wegoridhe dema, simbi yakaoma kunzwisisa ine mhando 8 dzesimbi okisijeni. AkatoraErbium(III) oxidekubva kune nhema isingawanzo goridhe ore, uye yakawanikwaYtterbium(III) oxidekubva muokisijeni iyi, uye kune imwe oxide yechinhu chakareruka, iyo spectrum inoratidza kuti isimbi isingazivikanwe. Iyi ndiyo simbi yakafanotaurwa naMendeleev, ane oxideSc₂O₃. Iyo scandium simbi pachayo yakagadzirwa kubvaScandium chloridene electrolytic kunyunguduka muna 1937.
Mendeleev
Electron configuration
Electron kumisikidza: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
Scandium isimbi yakapfava, chena chena yekushandura ine nzvimbo yekunyungudika ye1541 ℃ uye nzvimbo yekuvira ye2831 ℃.
Kwenguva yakati wandei mushure mekuwanikwa kwayo, kushandiswa kwe scandium hakuna kuratidzwa nekuda kwekuoma kwayo mukugadzira. Nekuwedzera kwekuvandudzwa kwezvisingawanzo kupatsanurwa kwepasi chinhu nzira, ikozvino kune yakakura nzira yekuyerera yekuchenesa scandium makomisheni. Nekuti scandium ine alkaline shoma pane yttrium neLanthanide, iyo hydroxide ndiyo isina kusimba, saka iyo isingawanzo pasi chinhu chakasanganiswa chicherwa chine scandium chichaparadzaniswa kubva kune isingawanzo pasi chinhu ne "nhanho yekunaya" nzira apo Scandium (III) hydroxide inorapwa neammonia mushure. ichiendeswa kune mhinduro. Imwe nzira ndeyekuparadzanisa Scandium nitrate nePolar decomposition ye nitrate. Nekuti scandium nitrate ndiyo iri nyore kuora, scandium inogona kuparadzaniswa. Uye zvakare, kudzoreredza kwakazara kwekuperekedza scandium kubva kuuranium, thorium, tungsten, tini uye mamwe mamineral deposits zvakare yakakosha sosi ye scandium.
Mushure mekuwana musanganiswa we scandium yakachena, inoshandurwa kuita ScCl Å uye yakanyungudutswa neKCl neLiCl. Zinc yakanyungudutswa inoshandiswa secathode ye electrolysis, zvichiita kuti scandium inaye pazinc electrode. Zvadaro, zinc inoputika kuti iwane metallic scandium. Iyi isimbi isina huremu yesirivha chena ine makemikari anoshanda zvakanyanya, anogona kuita nemvura inopisa kugadzira hydrogen gasi. Saka simbi scandium yaunoona pamufananidzo yakavharirwa mubhodhoro uye inodzivirirwa neargon gasi, zvikasadaro scandium inokurumidza kuumba yakasviba yero kana grey oxide layer, ichirasikirwa neinopenya yesimbi inopenya.
Applications
Indasitiri yemwenje
Mashandisiro e scandium akaiswa munzira dzakajeka kwazvo, uye hakusi kuwedzeredza kuidaidza kuti Mwanakomana weChiedza. Chekutanga mashiripiti chombo che scandium chinonzi scandium sodium rambi, inogona kushandiswa kuunza chiedza kuzviuru zvedzimba. Iyi isimbi halide Chiedza chemagetsi: girobhu rinozadzwa neSodium iodide uye Scandium triiodide, uye scandium uye sodium foil inowedzerwa panguva imwe chete. Munguva yekubuda kwe-high-voltage, scandium ions uye sodium ions zvakateerana zvinoburitsa mwenje wehunhu hwavo hwekuburitsa wavelengths. Mitsetse yesodium ine 589.0 uye 589.6 nm, mwenje miviri yakakurumbira yero, nepo mitsetse ye scandium iri 361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, mutsara wepadhuze ultraviolet uye bhuruu mwenje inobuda. Nekuti ivo vanopindirana, iyo yakazara ruvara rwechiedza inogadzirwa ichena mwenje. Ndizvo chaizvo nekuti scandium mwenje wesodium ine hunhu hwekupenya kwakanyanya, kunaka kwemavara echiedza, kuchengetedza simba, hupenyu hurefu hwesevhisi, uye mhute yakasimba yekupwanya kugona iyo inogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya kumakamera eterevhizheni, masikweya, nzvimbo dzemitambo, uye mwenje wemugwagwa, uye anozivikanwa sechizvarwa chechitatu magetsi masosi. MuChina, rudzi urwu rwemwenje runosimudzirwa zvishoma nezvishoma se tekinoroji nyowani, nepo mune dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira, rudzi urwu rwemwenje rwakashandiswa zvakanyanya sekutanga kwema1980.
Chechipiri chombo chemashiripiti che scandium ndeye solar photovoltaic masero, anogona kuunganidza chiedza chakapararira pasi uye kuchishandura kuva magetsi kutyaira nzanga yevanhu. Scandium ndiyo yakanakisa chipingamupinyi simbi musimbi insulator semiconductor silicon solar masero uye solar masero.
Chombo chayo chechitatu chemashiripiti chinonzi γ A ray source, ichi chombo chemashiripiti chinogona kupenya zvakajeka pachacho, asi rudzi urwu rwechiedza harugoni kugamuchirwa neziso rakashama, i-high-energy photon flow. Isu tinowanzo bvisa 45Sc kubva kumaminerari, inova ndiyo yega Natural isotopes ye scandium. Imwe neimwe 45Sc nucleus ine 21 protons uye makumi maviri nemana manyuturoni. 46Sc, artificial radioactive isotope, inogona kushandiswa se γ Radiation masosi kana tracer maatomu anogona zvakare kushandiswa kurapa radiotherapy yemamota akaipa. Kune zvakare maapplication akaita seyttrium gallium scandium garnet laser,Scandium fluoridegirazi infrared Optical fiber, uye scandium coated cathode ray chubhu paterevhizheni. Zvinoita sekuti scandium inozvarwa nekupenya.
Alloy industry
Scandium mune yayo yekutanga fomu yakashandiswa zvakanyanya kuita doping aluminium alloys. Chero bedzi zviuru zvishoma zve scandium zvichiwedzerwa kualuminium, chikamu chitsva cheAl3Sc chichaumbwa, chinozoita basa reMetamorphism mualuminium alloy uye kuita kuti chimiro uye zvivakwa zvealloy zvishanduke zvakanyanya. Kuwedzera 0.2% ~ 0.4% Sc (iyo yakanyatsofanana nechikamu chekuwedzera munyu kumutsa miriwo yakakangwa kumba, zvishoma chete inodiwa) inogona kuwedzera tembiricha yekudzoreredza yealloy ne150-200 ℃, uye inovandudza zvakanyanya. -kusimba kwekushisa, kugadzikana kwechimiro, welding performance, uye corrosion resistance. Inogonawo kudzivisa kuitika kwe embrittlement iyo iri nyore kuitika panguva yekushanda kwenguva refu pakupisa kukuru. Simba repamusoro uye kusimba kwealuminium alloy, nyowani-yakakwirira-simba-inodzivirira weldable aruminiyamu alloy, itsva yakakwirira-tembiricha aruminiyamu alloy, yakakwirira-simba neutron irradiation resistant aluminium alloy, nezvimwewo, vane tarisiro inoyevedza yekusimudzira mumhepo, ndege, ngarava, zvombo zvenyukireya, motokari dzakareruka uye zvitima zvinomhanya zvikuru.
Scandium zvakare yakanakisa modifier yesimbi, uye shoma shoma ye scandium inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kusimba uye kuoma kwesimbi yakakandwa. Uye zvakare, scandium inogona zvakare kushandiswa sekuwedzera kune yakakwirira-tembiricha tungsten uye chromium alloys. Ehezve, pamusoro pekugadzira zvipfeko zvemuchato zvevamwe, scandium ine nzvimbo yakakwira yekunyungudika uye density yayo yakafanana nealuminium, uye inoshandiswawo mune yakakwirira melting point lightweight alloys senge scandium titanium alloy uye scandium magnesium alloy. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemutengo wayo wakakwira, inowanzo shandiswa chete mumaindasitiri ekugadzira epamusoro senge space shuttles nemaroketi.
Ceramic zvinhu
Scandium, chinhu chimwe chete, chinowanzo shandiswa mune alloys, uye maokisi ayo anoita basa rakakosha muzvigadzirwa zveceramic nenzira yakafanana. Iyo tetragonal zirconia ceramic material, iyo inogona kushandiswa se electrode zvinhu kune yakasimba oxide mafuta masero, ine yakasarudzika pfuma apo conductivity yeiyi electrolyte inowedzera nekuwedzera tembiricha uye oxygen kuzara munzvimbo. Nekudaro, chimiro chekristaro chechinhu ichi checeramic pachacho hachigone kuvepo chakasimba uye hachina kukosha kwemaindasitiri; Izvo zvinodikanwa kuita doping zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kugadzirisa chimiro ichi kuitira kuchengetedza hunhu hwayo hwepakutanga. Kuwedzera 6 ~ 10% Scandium oxide yakafanana nekongiri chimiro, kuitira kuti zirconia inogona kudzikamiswa pane sikweya lattice.
Kune zvakare mainjiniya eceramic zvinhu senge yakakwirira-simba uye yakakwirira-tembiricha inodzivirira silicon nitride se densifiers uye stabilizers.
Se densifier,Scandium oxideinogona kuumba refractory phase Sc2Si2O7 pamucheto wezvakanaka zvimedu, nokudaro kuderedza kudzika-tembiricha deformation yeinjiniya ceramics. Kuenzaniswa nemamwe maokisi, inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya-yepamusoro tembiricha michina yesilicon nitride.
Catalytic chemistry
Mumakemikari engineering, scandium inowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinokonzera, nepo Sc2O3 inogona kushandiswa kuderedza mvura uye deoxidation ye ethanol kana isopropanol, kuparara kweacetic acid, uye kugadzirwa kwe ethylene kubva kuCO neH2. Iyo Pt Al catalyst ine Sc2O3 zvakare yakakosha kukonzeresa inorema mafuta hydrogenation kucheneswa uye kunatsa maitiro mu petrochemical indasitiri. In catalytic cracking reactions yakadai seCumene, basa reSc-Y zeolite catalyst rakapetwa ka1000 kupfuura iyo yeAluminium silicate catalyst; Kuenzaniswa nezvimwe zvinokonzeresa zvechinyakare, tarisiro yekusimudzira ye scandium catalysts ichave yakajeka.
Indasitiri yesimba renyukireya
Kuwedzera huwandu hudiki hweSc2O3 kuUO2 mune yakakwirira-tembiricha reactor nyukireya mafuta inogona kudzivirira shanduko yelatisi, kuwedzera kwevhoriyamu, uye kutsemuka kunokonzerwa neUO2 kuU3O8 kutendeuka.
Fuel cell
Saizvozvo, kuwedzera 2.5% kusvika 25% scandium kune nickel alkali mabhatiri kuchawedzera hupenyu hwavo hwesevhisi.
Kuuchika kwekurima
Mukurima, mbeu dzakaita sechibage, beet, pea, gorosi uye sunflower inogona kurapwa neScandium sulfate (iyo inowanzoitika 10-3 ~ 10-8mol / L, zvirimwa zvakasiyana zvichave zvakasiyana), uye mhedzisiro chaiyo yekusimudzira kumera. zvakaitwa. Mushure memaawa masere, huremu hwakaoma hwemidzi uye buds hwakawedzera ne37% uye 78% maererano nemhodzi, asi nzira yacho ichiri kuongororwa.
Kubva pakuona kwaNielsen kuchikwereti cheAtomic mass data kusvika nhasi, scandium yapinda muchiratidzo chevanhu kwezana kana makumi maviri emakore chete, asi yave kuda kugara pabhenji kwemakore zana. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira kukura kwakasimba kwesayenzi yezvinhu mukupera kwezana ramakore rapfuura uko kwakaunza simba kwaari. Nhasi, zvinhu zvepasi zvisingawanzoitiki, kusanganisira scandium, zvave nyeredzi dzinopisa mune zvesainzi, kutamba mabasa anogara achichinja muzviuru zvehurongwa, zvichiunza kurerukirwa kuhupenyu hwedu zuva rega rega, uye kugadzira kukosha kwehupfumi kwakatooma kuyera.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-29-2023