Chiirare pasi?
Vanhu vane nhoroondo yemakore anopfuura 200 kubva pakuwanikwa kwepasi risingawanikwe muna 1794. Sezvo pakanga paine mamineral mashoma eRare-earth akawanikwa panguva iyoyo, ishoma chete yemvura insoluble oxides yaigona kuwanikwa nenzira yemakemikari. Nhoroondo, maokisidhi akadaro aigara achinzi "nyika", saka zita repasi risingawanzo.
Muchokwadi, Rare-earth mineral haina kushoma mune zvakasikwa. Rare pasi harisi pasi, asi chimiro chesimbi. Rudzi rwayo rwunoshanda ingori yechipiri kune alkali simbi uye alkaline pasi simbi. Vane zvakawanda zviri mukati meganda kupfuura zvakajairika mhangura, zinc, tin, cobalt, uye nickel.
Parizvino, nyika isingawanzove yakashandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai semagetsi, petrochemicals, metallurgy, nezvimwewo. Anenge makore ose 3-5, masayendisiti anokwanisa kuwana kushandiswa kutsva kwepasi risingawanzoitiki, uye kubva pane zvitanhatu zvose zvakagadzirwa, munhu haagoni kuita. pasina nyika isingawanzoitiki.
China yakapfuma muzvicherwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo, inomira pekutanga mumatatu epasi rose: matura, chiyero chekugadzira, uye huwandu hwekutumira kunze. Panguva imwecheteyo, China zvakare ndiyo nyika yega inogona kupa ese gumi nenomwe epasi simbi, kunyanya epakati uye inorema isingawanzo pasi ine zvine mukurumbira zvekushandisa zvechiuto.
Rare Earth element composition
Rare pasi zvinhu zvinoumbwa neLanthanide zvinhu muperiodic tafura yemakemikari zvinhu:lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm),samarium(Sm),europium(Eu),gadolinium(Gd),terbium(Tb),dysprosium(Dy),holmium(Ho),erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),lutetium(Lu), uye zvinhu zviviri zvine hukama ne lanthanide:scandium(Sc) uyeyttrium(Y).
InonziRare Earth, rakadimburirwa seRare Earth.
Kurongwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi
Inokamurwa nechimiro chemuviri uye chemakemikari zvimiro zvezvinhu:
Chiedza chisingawanikwe panyika zvinhu:scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Heavy rare Earth elements:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium
Yakakamurwa nemamineral maitiro:
Cerium group:lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Yttrium boka:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium
Kukamurwa nekupatsanurwa kwekubvisa:
Chiedza chisingawanzo pasi (P204 isina simba acidity kutorwa): lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium
Ivhu repakati risingawanzo (P204 yakaderera acidity kutorwa):samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium
Inorema isingawanzo pasi (acidity kutorwa muP204):holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium
Zvimiro zvezvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi
Anopfuura makumi mashanu mabasa ezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi ane hukama neyakasarudzika 4f yemagetsi chimiro, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya mune zvese zvechinyakare zvinhu uye yepamusoro-tech minda yezvigadzirwa zvitsva.
4f electron orbit
1. Muviri uye makemikari zvinhu
★ Ane simbi inooneka zvinhu; Isirivha grey, kunze kwepraseodymium uye neodymium, inoita seyero
★ Rich oxide mavara
★ Gadzira makomisheni akatsiga neasiri simbi
★ Metal inorarama
★ Easy oxidize mumhepo
2 Optoelectronic zvinhu
★ Chisina kuzadzwa 4f sublayer, apo maerekitironi e4f anodzivirirwa nemaerekitironi ekunze, zvichiita kuti pave nemazwi akasiyana-siyana ekuona uye mazinga esimba.
Kana maerekitironi e4f achinja, anogona kutora kana kuburitsa mwaranzi yewavelengths akasiyana kubva kuultraviolet, inoonekwa kune infrared regions, ichiita kuti ikwane sezvinhu zvinovheneka.
★ Good conductivity, inokwanisa kugadzirira zvisingawanzo pasi simbi ne electrolysis nzira
Basa re4f maErekitironi eRare Earth Elements muZvishandiso Zvitsva
1.Materials utilizing 4f electronic features
★ 4f electron spin kuronga:inoratidzwa semagineti yakasimba - yakakodzera kushandiswa sechigarire magineti zvinhu, MRI yekufungidzira zvinhu, magineti sensors, superconductors, nezvimwe.
★ 4f orbital electron transition: inoratidzwa semagetsi emagetsi - akakodzera kushandiswa sezvinhu zvinopenya senge phosphors, infrared lasers, fiber amplifiers, nezvimwe.
Shanduko dzemagetsi mu4f simba regiyo bhendi: inoratidzwa semavara ezvivakwa - akakodzera kupenda uye decolorization yezvinhu zvinopisa zvinopisa, pigment, ceramic oiri, girazi, nezvimwe.
2 ine hukama zvisina kunanga ne4f erekitironi, uchishandisa Ionic radius, charge uye makemikari zvivakwa
★ Hunhu hweNyukireya:
Diki rinopisa neutron Absorption cross chikamu - chakakodzera kushandiswa sezvimiro zvekugadzira nyukireya reactor, nezvimwe.
Huru neutron Absorption cross chikamu - yakakodzera kudzivirira zvinhu zvenyukireya reactor, nezvimwe.
★ Rare Earth Ionic radius, charge, physical and chemical properties:
Lattice hurema, yakafanana Ionic radius, makemikari zvivakwa, akasiyana machaji - akakodzera kupisa, catalyst, sensing chinhu, nezvimwe.
Chimiro chechimiro - chakakodzera kushandiswa sehydrogen yekuchengetedza alloy cathode zvinhu, microwave absorption zvinhu, nezvimwe.
Electro optical uye dielectric zvivakwa - yakakodzera kushandiswa seyakajeka modulation zvinhu, transparent ceramics, nezvimwe.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-06-2023