Barium Metal (1)

1, Basic Sumo

Chinese name:Barium, zita rechirungu:Barium, chiratidzo chechinhuBa, nhamba yeatomu 56 patafura ye periodic, iboka reIIA alkaline earth metal element ine density ye 3.51 g/cubic centimeter, nzvimbo yakanyunguduka inosvika 727 ° C (1000 K, 1341 ° F), uye nzvimbo yekuvira ye1870 °. C (2143 K, 3398 ° F). Barium isimbi yepasi ine alkaline ine sirivha chena inopenya, ine murazvo weruvara rweyero yegirini, yakapfava, uye ductile.Bariumine makemikari anoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye anogona kuita neakawanda asiri masimbi.Bariumhaina kumbobvira yawanikwa sechinhu chimwe chete muchisikigo.Bariummunyu une chepfu kunze kwebariumsulfate. Pamusoro pe,metallic bariumine kudzikisira kwakasimba uye inogona kuderedza akawanda simbi oxides, halides, uye sulfides kuwana simbi dzinoenderana. Zviri mukati mebariummucrust ndeye 0.05%, uye zvicherwa zvakajairika mune zvakasikwa ndeye barite (bariumsulfate) uye kuoma (bariumcarbonate). Barium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakadai semagetsi, ceramics, mushonga, uye petroleum.

2, Kuwanikwa kweBariumuye Development Status yeChinaBariumIndasitiri

1. Nhoroondo pfupi yekuwanikwa kwebarium

Alkaline earth metal sulfides inoratidza phosphorescence, zvichireva kuti inoramba ichiburitsa chiedza murima kwenguva yakati mushure mekuratidzwa chiedza. Ndizvo chaizvo nekuda kwehunhu uhubariummakomboni akatanga kutariswa.

Muna 1602, V. Casiorolus, mugadziri weshangu muBologna, Italy, akawana kuti barite yaivabariumsulfate yakabudisa chiedza murima mushure mekuigocha nezvinhu zvinopisa. Chiitiko ichi chakamutsa kufarira kwenyanzvi dzemakemikari dzekuEurope. Muna 1774, nyanzvi yekemisitiri yekuSweden CW Scheele akawana chimwe chinhu chitsva mubharite, asi haana kukwanisa kuchiparadzanisa, kunze kweoxide yechinhu ichocho. Muna 1776, Johan Gottlieb Gahn akatsaura okisidhi iyi muchidzidzo chakafanana. Baryta yakatanga kunzi barote naGuyton de Morveau, uye akazotumidzwa zita rekuti baryta (inorema pasi) naAntoine Lavoisier. Muna 1808, nyanzvi yemakemikari yeBritish Humphry Davy akashandisa mercury secathode, platinamu seanode, uye electrolyzed barite (BaSO4) kugadzira.bariumamalgam. Mushure mekuita distillation kubvisa mercury, simbi ine kuchena kwakaderera yakawanikwa uye yakatumidzwabarium.

Zvishandiso zveindasitiri zvinewo nhoroondo yeanopfuura makore zana

Kare sepakati pezana ramakore rechi 19, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa barite (yakakosha mineral pakugadzirabariumuyebariummakomisheni) semuzadzi wependi. Kubva muzana rino remakore, barite yave iyo huru yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvakasiyana-siyanabariumine makemikari zvigadzirwa. Nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwakakosha, yakagadzikana makemikari zvimiro, uye isinganyungudika mumvura nemaasidhi, barite yakashandiswa sechinhu chinorema chemafuta uye gasi rekuchera madhaka kutanga kuma1920s.Bariumsulfate inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemavara machena uye inogona kushandiswa sekuzadza uye colorant yerabha.

2. Mamiriro ezvinhu eChinabariumindustry

Commonbariummunyu zvinosanganisirabariumsulfate,bariumnitrate, barium chloride;bariumcarbonate,bariumcyanide nevamwe.Bariumzvigadzirwa zvemunyu zvinonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yemagetsi sezvinowedzera zvemavara emifananidzo machubhu uye magineti zvinhu.

Parizvino, China yave mugadziri mukuru wepasi rose webariummunyu. Iyo yepasi rose yegore rekugadzira kugona kwebariumcarbonate ingangoita 900000 matani, ine inobuda inosvika 700000 matani, nepo China yegore yekugadzira inokwana 700000 matani, ine gore negore inobuda inosvika 500000 matani, inoverengera anopfuura makumi manomwe muzana epasi rose.bariumcarbonate kugadzira simba uye kubuda. China'sbariumzvigadzirwa zve carbonate zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakawanda kwenguva yakareba, uye China yave mutengesi mukuru wepasi rose webariumcarbonate.

Matambudziko Akatarisana Nekuvandudzwa kweBariumIndasitiri yemunyu muChina

Kunyangwe China iriyo inogadzira pasi rose uye mutengesi webariumcarbonate, haisi mugadziri ane simba we barium carbonate. Chekutanga, pane mashoma makuru-mwerobariumcarbonate kugadzira mabhizinesi muChina, uye kune mashoma mashoma emabhizinesi akawana kugadzirwa kwakakura; Chechipiri, Chinabariumcarbonate zvigadzirwa zvine chimiro chimwe chete uye chinoshaya zvigadzirwa zvepamusoro. Kunyangwe mamwe mafekitori parizvino ari kutsvagisa uye kugadzira yakakwira-kuchenabariumcarbonate, kugadzikana kwayo kwakashata. Pazvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro, China inodawo kupinza kubva kumakambani akaita seGermany, Italy, neJapan. Mukuwedzera, mumakore achangopfuura, dzimwe nyika dzakava vatengesi vatsva vebariumcarbonate, yakadai seRussia, Brazil, South Korea, neMexico, zvichikonzera kuwandisa mune dzimwe nyikabariummusika wecarbonate, wakave nemhedzisiro yakakura kuChinabariumcarbonate industry. Vagadziri vakagadzirira kuderedza mitengo kuti vararame. Panguva imwecheteyo, mabhizinesi eChinese ekutengesa kunze ari kutarisanawo nekuferefeta kuferefeta kubva kunze kwenyika. Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, zvimwebariummabhizinesi ekugadzira munyu muChina ari kutarisanawo nenyaya dzekuchengetedza nharaunda. Kuti tisimudzire budiriro yeChinabariumindasitiri yemunyu,bariummabhizinesi ekugadzira munyu muChina anofanirwa kutora kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzeka sehwaro, achiramba achitsvaga uye achiunza matekinoroji epamusoro, uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvinosangana nezvinodiwa nenguva uye zvine yakakwirira tekinoroji zvemukati.

Kugadzira uye Export Data yeBarite muChina

Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuUnited States Geological Survey, kugadzirwa kwebarite muChina kwaisvika matani 41 miriyoni muna 2014. Maererano neChinese tsika nhamba, kubva muna Ndira kusvika Zvita 2014, China yakatengesa kunze kwenyika 92588597 kilograms.bariumsulfate, kuwedzera kwe0,18% zvichienzaniswa nenguva yakafanana gore rapfuura. Iko kukosha kwekuwedzera kunze kwenyika yaive 65496598 US madhora, kuwedzera kwe20.99% zvichienzaniswa nenguva yakafanana gore rapfuura. Mutengo wekutengesa kunze waive 0,71 US madhora pakirogiramu, iyo yakawedzera ne0,12 US madhora pakirogiramu zvichienzaniswa nenguva imwe cheteyo gore rapfuura. Pakati pavo, muna Zvita 2014, China yakatumira kunze 8768648 makirogiramu ebariumsulfate, kuwedzera kwe8,19% zvichienzaniswa nenguva yakafanana gore rapfuura. Mari yekutumirwa kunze kwenyika yaive 8385141 US madhora, kuwedzera kwe5.1% zvichienzaniswa nenguva yakafanana gore rapfuura.

Zvinoenderana neChinese tsika data, muna Chikumi 2015, China yakatumira kunze kwenyika matani 170000bariumsulfate, kuderera kwe1,7% zvichienzaniswa nenguva yakafanana gore rapera; Muhafu yekutanga yegore, huwandu hwekuwedzera kunze kwenyika hwaive 1.12 miriyoni matani, kuderera kwe6.8% zvichienzaniswa nenguva yakafanana gore rapfuura; Mari imwechete kunze kwenyika yakadzikira ne5.4% ne9% zvakateerana zvichienzaniswa nenguva yakafanana gore rapfuura.

3, Kugovera uye Kugadzirwa kweBarium (Barite) Zviwanikwa

1. Kugoverwa kwezvinhu zvebharium

Zviri mukati mebariummugoko iri 0.05%, iri pachinzvimbo chechi14. Iwo maminerals makuru mune zvakasikwa ndeye barite (bariumsulfate BaSO4) uye kuoma (bariumcarbonate BaCO3). Pakati pavo, barite ndiyo inowanzoita mineral ye barium, iyo inoumbwabariumsulfate uye inoitika mukudzika-kupisa kwehydrothermal tsinga, senge quartz barite veins, fluorite barite veins, etc. Toxicite ndeimwe huru.bariumine mineral in nature, kuwedzera kune barite, uye chikamu chayo chikuru ndeyebariumcarbonate.

Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuUnited States Geological Survey muna 2015, iyo yepasi rose barite sosi inosvika 2 bhiriyoni matani, ayo 740 miriyoni matani anoratidzwa. Iyo yepasi rose barite reserves inosvika 350 miriyoni matani. China ndiyo nyika ine zviwanikwa zvebharite zvakawanda. Dzimwe nyika dzine zviwanikwa zvebharite dzakapfuma dzinosanganisira Kazakhstan, Türkiye, India, Thailand, United States neMexico. Nzvimbo dzine mukurumbira dzebarite munyika dzinosanganisira Westman Land kuUK, Felsbonne muRomania, Saxony muGermany, Tianzhu muGuizhou, Heifenggou muGansu, Gongxi muHunan, Liulin muHubei, Xiangzhou muGuangxi, uye Shuiping muShaanxi.

Maererano nedata kubva kuUnited States Geological Survey muna 2015, kugadzirwa kwebharite pasi rose kwaive 9.23 miriyoni matani muna 2013 uye kwakawedzera kusvika 9.26 miriyoni matani muna 2014. Muna 2014, China ndiyo yaive yakanyanya kugadzira barite, nekugadzirwa kwe4.1 miriyoni matani. , inoverengera ingangoita 44.3% yepasi rose kugadzirwa. India, Morocco, neUnited States dziri pachinzvimbo chechipiri, chechitatu, nechina zvakatevedzana, nekugadzirwa kwematani miriyoni 1.6, matani miriyoni imwe, uye 720000 matani.

2. Kugoverwa kweBariumZviwanikwa muChina

China yakapfuma mubariumore zviwanikwa, ine fungidziro yakazara yekuchengetedza inodarika bhiriyoni imwe yematani. Zvakare, iyo giredhi ye barium ore yakakwira zvakanyanya, uye matura ayo uye kugadzirwa kwazvino kuri kuiswa pekutanga munyika. The most commonbariumine mineral in nature is barite. Nzvimbo yepasi rose yebharite inosvika mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni ematani, nepo nzvimbo yekuchengetera barite muChina inosvika zana remamiriyoni ematani, inoverengera ingangoita 29% yenzvimbo yese yepasi rose uye iri yekutanga pasirese.

Zvinoenderana nedata riri mu "Kuongorora kweMain Mineral Concentration Areas uye Resource Potential yeChina's Barite Mines" (Chemical Mineral Geology, 2010), China yakapfuma muzviwanikwa zvebarite, zvakagoverwa mumatunhu makumi maviri nemana (matunhu) munyika yose, ane matura uye chinzvimbo chekugadzira. kutanga munyika. Kune nzvimbo dzemigodhi zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe neshanu dzine nzvimbo dzakasimwa muChina, dzine huwandu hwakasimbiswa hwezviwanikwa hwematani emamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe ematombo. Kubva kudunhu (regional) kugoverwa kwebarite, Guizhou Province ine migodhi yakawanda yebharite, inoverengera 34% yenzvimbo dzese dzakachengetwa; Hunan, Guangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi nemamwe matunhu (matunhu) anotora nzvimbo yechipiri. Mapurovhinzi mashanu ari pamusoro anotora chikamu che80% chezvicherwa zvenyika. Iyo dhipoziti mhando inonyanya kuita sedimentary, inoverengera 60% yezvese zvakachengetwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kune zvakare layer inodzorwa (endogenetic), volcanic sedimentary, hydrothermal, uye weathered (residual slope) marudzi. Iyo nguva yemamineralization yaive yakanyanya muPaleozoic era, uye barite deposits yakaumbwa zvakare panguva yeSinian neMesozoic Cenozoic nguva.

Hunhu hweBarite Mineral Resources muChina

Kubva pakuona kwehuwandu, barite minerals muChina inonyanya kugoverwa munharaunda yepakati; Panyaya yegiredhi, anenge ese akapfuma zvicherwa anonyanya kunangana muGuizhou neGuangxi; Kubva pamaonero eiyo ore deposit scale, madhipoziti ekuChina akakura uye ari pakati nepakati. Nzvimbo mbiri dzemigodhi chete dzeGuizhou Tianzhu Dahe Bian neHunan Xinhuang Gongxi dzinotora inopfuura hafu yenzvimbo dzakachengetwa munzvimbo idzi. Kazhinji, imwe barite mhando ndiyo hombe ore mhando, uye maminerari ekuumbwa uye makemikari kuumbwa reshiyo zviri nyore uye zvakachena, senge Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi barite mine. Pamusoro pezvo, kune zvakare mahombe akachengeterwa eco uye anosanganisirwa zvicherwa anogona kushandiswa zvizere.

4, Kugadzira maitiro e barium

1. Kugadzirira kwebarium

Kugadzirwa kwesimbi barium muindasitiri kunosanganisira matanho maviri: kugadzirwa kwebarium oxide uye kugadzirwa kwesimbi barium kuburikidza nesimbi yekupisa kupisa (aluminothermic reduction).

(1) Kugadzirira kwebariumoxide

Yemhando yepamusoro barite ore kutanga inoda kusarudzwa kwemaoko uye kutenderera, ichiteverwa nekubviswa kwesimbi nesilicon kuti uwane concentrate ine zvinopfuura 96%bariumsulfate. Sanganisa mineral poda nesaizi isingasviki makumi maviri mesh uye marasha kana petroleum coke poda muhuremu hwe4: 1, uye calcine pa1100 ℃ muchoto chinodzoreredza.Bariumsulfate inoderedzwa kuita barium sulfide (inowanzozivikanwa se "black ash"), iyo inonyudzwa nemvura inopisa kuti iwane mhinduro ye barium sulfide. Kuti ushandure barium sulfide kuita barium carbonate precipitation, zvakakosha kuwedzera sodium carbonate kana kuunza carbon dioxide mubarium sulfide aqueous solution. Sanganisa barium carbonate nekabhoni poda uye calcine iri pamusoro pe800 ℃ kuti uwane barium oxide. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti barium oxide oxidize kuumba barium peroxide pa500-700 ℃, uye barium peroxide inogona kuora kuumba.bariumoxide pa700-800 ℃. Nokudaro, kuti udzivise kubudisa barium peroxide, zvigadzirwa zve calcined zvinoda kutonhora kana kudzimwa pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwegesi inert.

(2) Kugadzirwa kwebarium simbikuburikidza nealuminothermic kuderedza nzira

Pane maitiro maviri ekuderedzwa kwealuminiumbariumoxide nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana:

6BaO+2Al → 3BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑

Kana kuti: 4BaO+2Al → BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑

Patembiricha kubva pa1000 kusvika 1200 ℃, maitiro maviri aya anoburitsa zvishoma.barium, saka zvakakosha kushandisa pombi yevacuum kuti urambe uchiendesabariummhute ichibva kureaction zone kuenda kunzvimbo yecondensation kuitira kuti mhinduro ienderere mberi kurudyi. Iyo yakasara mushure mekuita ine chepfu uye inogona kuraswa chete mushure mekurapwa.

2. Kugadzirira kwezvakajairwa barium makemikari

(1) Kugadzirira nzira yebariumcarbonate

① Carbonization nzira

Iyo carbonization nzira inonyanya kusanganisira kusanganisa barite nemarasha mune imwe chikamu, kuapwanya muchoto chinotenderera, uye kugocha nekudzikisira pa1100-1200 ℃ kuwana barium sulfide kunyunguduka. Carbon dioxide inounzwa mukatibariumsulfide solution ye carbonization, uye yakawanikwabariumcarbonate slurry inoiswa pasi pedesulfurization washing uye vacuum filtration. Zvadaro, inoomeswa uye yakapwanyika pa 300 ℃ kuti iwane yakagadzirwa barium carbonate chigadzirwa. Iyi nzira inogamuchirwa nevazhinji vanogadzira nekuda kwemaitiro ayo ari nyore uye mutengo wakaderera.

② Nzira yekuparara yakaoma

Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chebariumcarbonate inogona kuwanikwa nekaviri decomposition reaction pakati pebarium sulfide neammonium carbonate, kana nekuita pakati pebarium chloride ne potassium carbonate. Chigadzirwa chinobva chashambidzwa, kusefa, kuomeswa, nezvimwe.

③ Chepfu Inorema Petrochemical Mutemo

Iyo ine chepfu inorema ore poda inobatwa neammonium munyu kuti iite kunyungudikabariummunyu, uye ammonium carbonate inodzokororwa kuti ishandiswe. The solublebariummunyu unowedzerwa kuammonium carbonate kuti uwedzere kunatswa barium carbonate, iyo inosefa uye yakaomeswa kuti ibudise chigadzirwa chapera. Pamusoro pezvo, doro raamai rakawanwa rinogona kudzokororwa uye kushandiswa zvakare.

(2) Kugadzirira nzira yebariumtitanate

① Solid-phase nzira

Bariumtitanate inogona kugadzirirwa ne calciningbariumcarbonate uye titanium dioxide, iyo inogona kugadzirwa nezvimwe zvinhu.

② Coprecipitation nzira

Dissolvebariumchloride uye titanium tetrachloride mumusanganiswa wezvinhu zvakaenzana, kupisa kusvika 70 ° C, uye wobva wadonhedza oxalic acid kuti uwane mvura inonaya.bariumtitanate [BaTiO (C2O4) 2-4H2O]. Geza, omesa, uye ipapo pyrolysis kuwana barium titanate.

(3) Kugadzirira nzira yebariumchloride

Nzira yekugadzira yebariumchloride inonyanya kusanganisira hydrochloric acid nzira,bariumcarbonate nzira, calcium chloride nzira, uye magnesium chloride nzira maererano akasiyana nzira kana mbishi zvinhu.

① Hydrochloric acid nzira.

②Bariumcarbonate nzira. Yakagadzirwa kubva kudombo rakaoma (barium carbonate) seyakagadzirwa.

③ Calcium chloride nzira. Kuderedza musanganiswa we barite uye calcium chloride nekabhoni.

Mukuwedzera, kune nzira ye magnesium chloride. Yakagadzirirwa nekurapabariumsulfide ine magnesium chloride.