Europium, chiratidzo ndiEu, uye nhamba yeAtomic i63. Senhengo yeLanthanide, europium inowanzova ne+3 valence, asi oksijeni + 2 valence inowanikwawo. Kune mashoma makomisheni eeuropium ane valence mamiriro e+2. Kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe simbi dzinorema, europium haina kukosha kwebiological mhedzisiro uye haina chepfu. Mazhinji mashandisirwo eeuropium anoshandisa phosphorescence mhedzisiro yeEuropium makomisheni. Europium chimwe chezvinhu zvidiki zvakawandisa mupasirese; Kune chete angangoita mashanu mupasirese × 10-8% yechinhu chiri europium.
Europium iripo mumonazite
Kuwanikwa kweEuropium
Nyaya inotanga pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19: panguva iyoyo, masayendisiti akaisvonaka akatanga kuzadza zvakasara zvakasara mutafura yeMendeleev yeperiodic nekuongorora Atomic emission spectrum. Mukuona kwanhasi, basa iri harina kuoma, uye mudzidzi wepasikiri anogona kuripedza; Asi panguva iyoyo, masayendisiti aingove nemidziyo ine yakaderera chaiyo uye masampuli aive akaoma kuchenesa. Nokudaro, munhoroondo yose yekuwanikwa kweLanthanide, vese "quasi" vakawana vakaramba vachitaura zvenhema uye vachikakavadzana.
Muna 1885, Sir William Crookes vakawana yekutanga asi isina kunyatsojeka chiratidzo chechikamu 63: akaona chaiyo tsvuku spectral mutsetse (609 nm) mune samarium sampuro. Pakati pa1892 na1893, muvambi wegallium, samarium, uye dysprosium, Paul é mile LeCoq de Boisbaudran, akasimbisa bhendi iri ndokuwana rimwe bhendi rakasvibira (535 nm).
Zvadaro, muna 1896, Eug è ne Anatole Demar ç ay nemoyo murefu akaparadzanisa samarium oxide uye akasimbisa kuwanikwa kwechimwe chinhu chitsva chepasi chiri pakati pesamarium ne gadolinium. Akabudirira kuparadzanisa chinhu ichi muna 1901, zvichiratidza kupera kwerwendo rwekutsvaga: "Ndinotarisira kutumidza chinhu chitsva ichi Europium, nechiratidzo Eu uye Atomic mass ye151."
Electron configuration
Electron configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f7
Kunyange zvazvo europium inowanzoita trivalent, inowanzoita divalent compounds. Chiitiko ichi chakasiyana nekuumbwa kwe+3 valence komisheni neLanthanide yakawanda. Divalent europium ine magetsi ekugadzirisa 4f7, sezvo semi yakazadzwa f shell inopa kugadzikana, uye europium (II) uye barium (II) zvakafanana. Divalent europium inhengo yakapfava inoderedza iyo oxidize mumhepo kuti iite musanganiswa weeuropium (III). Pasi pemamiriro eanaerobic, kunyanya kupisa mamiriro, divalent europium yakagadzikana zvakakwana uye inowanzobatanidzwa mu calcium uye mamwe alkaline pasi minerals. Iyi ion exchange process ndiyo nheyo ye "negative europium anomaly", kureva, kana ichienzaniswa nehuwandu hweChondrite, akawanda lanthanide minerals akadai semonazite ane low europium content. Kuenzaniswa nemonazite, bastnaesite inowanzo ratidza mashoma europium anomalies, saka bastnaesite ndiyo zvakare sosi huru yeeuropium.
Europium isimbi ye grey simbi inonyungudika inosvika 822 ° C, nzvimbo yekuvira ye1597 ° C, uye density ye 5.2434 g/cm ³; Icho chinhu chidiki diki, chakapfava, uye chinokanganisa zvakanyanya pakati pezvinhu zvisingawanzo itika panyika. Europium ndiyo inonyanya kushanda simbi pakati pezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi: pakupisa kwekamuri, pakarepo inorasikirwa nesimbi inopenya mumhepo uye inokurumidza oxidized kuita upfu; Ita zvechisimba nemvura inotonhora kugadzira hydrogen gasi; Europium inogona kuita ne boron, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen, nezvimwewo.
Kushandiswa kweEuropium
Europium sulfate inoburitsa tsvuku fluorescence pasi pe ultraviolet chiedza
Georges Urbain, wechidiki wemakemikari akakurumbira, akagara nhaka yeSpectroscopy chiridzwa cheDemar ç ay uye akawana kuti Yttrium(III) oxide sample doped ne europium yakabudisa chiedza chitsvuku chakajeka zvikuru muna 1906. Uku ndiko kutanga kwerwendo rurefu rweeuropium phosphorescent zvinhu - kwete chete inoshandiswa kuburitsa mwenje dzvuku, asiwo yebhuruu mwenje, nekuti emission spectrum yeEu2 + inowira mukati meiyi chiyero.
Phosphor inoumbwa netsvuku Eu3+, yegirini Tb3+, uye yebhuruu Eu2 + emitter, kana musanganiswa wayo, inogona kushandura ultraviolet mwenje kuita mwenje unooneka. Zvishandiso izvi zvinoita basa rakakosha muzviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana pasi rose: X-ray intensifying screens, cathode ray chubhu kana plasma screens, pamwe neazvino mwenje unochengetedza simba refluorescent uye light-emitting diodes.
Iyo fluorescence mhedzisiro ye trivalent europium inogona zvakare kunzwisiswa neiyo organic inonhuhwirira mamorekuru, uye macomplexes akadaro anogona kushandiswa mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana anoda kunzwisiswa kwakanyanya, senge anti-yekunyepedzera ingi uye mabarcode.
Kubva kuma1980s, europium yanga ichiita basa rinotungamira mukutarisisa biopharmaceutical kuongororwa uchishandisa nguva-yakagadziriswa inotonhora fluorescence nzira. Muzvipatara zvakawanda uye mumarabhoritari ezvokurapa, kuongorora kwakadaro kwazova muitiro. Mukutsvaga kwesainzi yehupenyu, kusanganisira biological imaging, fluorescent biological probes yakagadzirwa europium nemamwe Lanthanide anowanikwa kwese. Neraki, kirogiramu imwe yeeuropium inokwana kutsigira bhiriyoni imwe yekuongorora - mushure mekunge hurumende yeChinese ichangobva kurambidza zvisingawanzo kutumirwa kunze kwenyika, nyika dzakabudirira dzakatya nekushomeka kwepasi rekuchengetedza zvinhu hazvifanirwe kunetseka nezvekutyisidzirwa kwakafanana kune maapplication akadaro.
Europium oxide inoshandiswa seStimulated emission phosphor mune itsva X-ray yekurapa yekuongorora system. Europium oxide inogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzira lenzi ane mavara uye optoelectronic mafirita, kune magineti bubble kuchengetedza zvishandiso, uye mukudzora zvinhu, zvinodzivirira, uye zvimiro zveatomu reactor. Nekuti maatomu ayo anogona kutora manyuturoni akawanda kupfuura chero chinhu chipi zvacho, inowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chekumwa manyuturoni mumaatomu reactor.
Munyika yanhasi iri kukurumidza kukura, kushandiswa kuchangobva kuwanikwa kweeuropium kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakura pakurima. Masayendisiti akawana kuti mapurasitiki akaiswa divalent europium uye univalent mhangura anogona kunyatso shandura iyo ultraviolet chikamu chechiedza chezuva kuita chiedza chinooneka. Iyi nzira yakasvibira chaizvo (ndiyo Anopindirana mavara erutsvuku). Kushandisa rudzi urwu rwepurasitiki kugadzira greenhouse kunogona kuita kuti zvirimwa zvitore chiedza chinooneka uye kuwedzera goho nechikamu chinosvika gumi%.
Europium inogona zvakare kuiswa kune quantum memory machipi, ayo anogona nekuvimbika kuchengetedza ruzivo kwemazuva akati wandei panguva. Izvi zvinogona kugonesa data inonzwisisika quantum kuti ichengetwe mumudziyo wakafanana neiyo hard disk uye kutumirwa munyika yose.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-27-2023