Munyika yemashiripiti yemakemikari,bariumyagara ichikwezva kutarisisa kwesainzi nerunako rwayo rwakasiyana uye kushandiswa kwakakura. Kunyangwe iyi sirivheri-chena yesimbi isiri inopenya segoridhe kana sirivheri, inoita basa rinokosha muminda yakawanda. Kubva pazviridzwa zvine hunyanzvi mumarabhoritari ekutsvagisa sainzi kuenda kuzvinhu zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kusvika kune diagnostic reagents mundima yekurapa, barium yakanyora ngano yekemikari ine zvimiro nemabasa ayo akasiyana.
Kare muna 1602, Cassio Lauro, mugadziri weshangu muguta rokuItaly rePorra, akagocha barite yaiva ne<em>barium sulfate nechinhu chinobvira mukuedza uye akashamiswa kuwana kuti yaigona kupenya murima. Kuwanikwa uku kwakamutsa kufarira kukuru pakati penyanzvi panguva iyoyo, uye dombo rakanzi Porra dombo uye rakava iro rainyanya kutariswa neveEuropean chemist.
Nekudaro, yaive yeSweden chemist Scheele akasimbisa zvechokwadi kuti barium yaive chinhu chitsva. Akawana barium oxide muna 1774 ndokuitumidza kuti "Baryta" (pasi rinorema). Akadzidza chinhu ichi zvakadzama uye akatenda kuti chakaumbwa nenyika itsva (oxide) yakasanganiswa ne sulfuric acid. Makore maviri gare gare, akabudirira kupisa nitrate yevhu idzva iri uye akawana pure oxide.
Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo Scheele akawana oxide ye barium, yakanga isati yasvika muna 1808 apo chiremba wemakemikari weBritish Davy akabudirira kugadzira simbi yebarium ne electrolyzing electrolyte yakagadzirwa kubva kubharite. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaratidza kusimbiswa kwepamutemo kwebarium sechinhu chesimbi, uye kwakavhurawo rwendo rwekushandiswa kwebarium munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
Kubva ipapo, vanhu vakaramba vachidzamisa kunzwisisa kwavo kweBarium. Masayendisiti akaongorora zvakavanzika zvechisikigo uye akakurudzira kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji nekudzidza zvimiro uye maitiro e barium. Kushandiswa kwebarium mukutsvakurudza kwesayenzi, indasitiri, uye minda yezvokurapa kwawedzerawo kuwedzera, kuunza nyore uye nyaradzo kuhupenyu hwevanhu.Kunakidza kwebarium hakusi mukushanda kwayo chete, asiwo mune chakavanzika chesayenzi shure kwayo. Masayendisiti akaramba achiongorora zvakavanzika zvechisikigo uye akakurudzira kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji nekudzidza zvivakwa uye maitiro e barium. Panguva imwecheteyo, barium iri kuitawo chinyararire chikamu muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, ichiunza kurerukirwa uye kunyaradza kuhupenyu hwedu.
Ngatitangei rwendo urwu rwemashiripiti rwekuongorora barium, vhenekera chifukidziro chayo chisinganzwisisike, uye tifarire runako rwayo rwakasiyana. Muchinyorwa chinotevera, tichazivisa zvizere zvimiro uye mashandisirwo ebarium, pamwe nebasa rayo rakakosha mukutsvaga kwesainzi, indasitiri, uye mushonga. Ndinotenda kuti kuburikidza nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi, iwe uchave nekunzwisisa kwakadzama uye ruzivo rwebarium.
1. Minda yekushandiswa kwebharium
Barium chinhu chakajairika chemakemikari chinhu. Isimbi ine sirivha-chena iyo iripo mumhando yemaminerari akasiyana-siyana muzvisikwa. Izvi zvinotevera mamwe mashandisirwo ezuva nezuva ebharium
Kupisa uye luminescence: Barium isimbi inoshanda zvakanyanya inoburitsa murazvo wakajeka kana wasangana neammonia kana oxygen. Izvi zvinoita kuti barium ishandiswe zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akadai sekugadzira fireworks, flares, uye phosphor kugadzira.
Indasitiri yezvokurapa: Barium makomisheni anoshandiswawo zvakanyanya muindasitiri yezvokurapa. Kudya kweBarium (zvakadai semapiritsi e-barium) anoshandiswa mukuongorora kwepamuviri X-ray kubatsira vanachiremba kuti vaone kushanda kwegadziriro yezvokudya. Mishonga yeBarium inoshandiswawo mune mamwe marapirwo eradioactive, akadai seradioactive iodine pakurapa chirwere cherurindi.
Girazi uye Ceramics: Barium makomisheni anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira girazi uye ceramic nekuda kwekunyungudika kwavo kwakanaka uye kusagadzikana kwekuora. Mishonga yeBarium inogona kuwedzera kuomarara uye kusimba kweceramics uye inogona kupa zvimwe zvakakosha zvivakwa zveceramics, senge magetsi ekudzivirira uye yakakwirira refractive index.
Metal Alloys: Barium inogona kuumba alloys nezvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi, uye aya alloys ane zvimwe zvakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, barium alloys inogona kuwedzera kunyungudika kwealuminium uye magnesium alloys, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira nekukanda. Mukuwedzera, barium alloys ane magnetic properties anoshandiswawo kugadzira mahwendefa ebhatiri uye magineti zvinhu.
Barium chinhu chemakemikari chine chiratidzo chemakemikari Ba uye nhamba yeatomu 56. Barium isimbi yepasi ine alkaline iri muboka rechitanhatu retafura ye periodic, boka guru rezvikamu.
2. Zvinhu zvemuviri zvebarium
Barium (Ba)is an alkaline earth metal element. 1. Chitarisiko: Barium isimbi yakapfava, yesirivha-chena ine simbi yakasiyana-siyana inopenya painochekwa.
2. Density: Barium ine density yakakwira inosvika 3.5 g/cm³. Ndiyo imwe yesimbi dzakanyanya kusimba panyika.
3. Kunyunguduka nekuvira: Nzvimbo yekunyunguduka kwebarium inenge 727°C uye painofashaira inenge 1897°C.
4. Kuoma: Barium isimbi yakati nyoro ine kuoma kweMohs ingangoita 1.25 pa20 degrees Celsius.
5. Conductivity: Barium ndiyo yakanaka conductor yemagetsi ine high conductivity yemagetsi.
6. Ductility: Kunyange zvazvo barium iri simbi yakapfava, ine mwero wakati wekuita ductility uye inogona kugadzirwa kuita mashizha matete kana waya.
7. Kemikari basa: Barium haiiti zvakasimba neakawanda asiri masimbi uye simbi dzakawanda patembiricha yekamuri, asi inoumba maokisidhi pakupisa kwakanyanya uye mumhepo. Inogona kuumba makomboni ane akawanda asiri emetallic zvinhu, senge okisidhi, sulfides, nezvimwe.
8. Mafomu ekuvapo: Zvicherwa zvine barium muvhu repasi, zvakadai sebarite (barium sulfate), etc. Barium inogonawo kuvapo nenzira ye hydrates, oxides, carbonates, nezvimwewo mumasikirwo.
9. Radioactivity: Barium ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvearadioactive isotopes, pakati peiyo barium-133 inowanzozivikanwa nesotopu inoshandiswa mumifananidzo yezvokurapa uye kushandiswa kwemishonga yenyukireya.
10. Kushandisa: Barium compounds inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumhizha, yakadai segirazi, rubber, makemikari emabhizimisi emagetsi, electron tubes, etc. Sulfate yayo inowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinopesana mukuongorora kwechiremba.Barium chinhu chinokosha chesimbi, uye zvinhu zvayo. ita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya mundima dzakawanda.
3. Kemikari zvinhu zvebarium
Metallic properties: Barium isimbi yakasimba ine chitarisiko chesirivha-chena uye yakanaka conductivity yemagetsi.
Density uye nzvimbo yakanyunguduka: Barium chinhu chakati dense chine density ye3.51 g/cm3. Barium ine nzvimbo yakaderera yekunyungudika inosvika 727 degrees Celsius (1341 degrees Fahrenheit).
Reactivity: Barium inobata nekukurumidza nezvinhu zvakawanda zvisiri-metallic, kunyanya nehalogens (senge chlorine uye bromine), ichigadzira inowirirana barium compounds. Semuenzaniso, barium inopindirana neklorini kuti ibudise barium chloride.
Oxidizability: Barium inogona kuiswa oxidized kuita barium oxide. Barium oxide inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akadai sekunyungudutsa simbi uye kugadzira magirazi. Chiitiko chepamusoro: Barium ine makemikari akakwira uye inopindirana nyore nemvura kuburitsa haidrojeni uye kugadzira barium hydroxide.
4. Biological properties ye barium
Basa uye biological properties yebariummuzvisikwa hazvinyatsonzwisiswi, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti barium ine humwe huturu kune zvipenyu.
Nzira yekudya: Vanhu vanonyanya kunwisa barium kuburikidza nekudya nemvura yekunwa. Zvimwe zvekudya zvinogona kunge zvine huwandu hwebarium, senge zviyo, nyama, uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Mukuwedzera, mvura yepasi dzimwe nguva ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwebarium.
Biological absorption uye metabolism: Barium inogona kutorwa nezvisikwa uye kugoverwa mumuviri kuburikidza nekutenderera kweropa. Barium inonyanya kuunganidza muitsvo nemapfupa, kunyanya muhuwandu hwepamusoro mumapfupa.
Biological function: Barium haisati yawanikwa iine chero yakakosha mabasa emuviri muzvisikwa. Nokudaro, basa rehupenyu hwebharium rinoramba richikakavadzana.
5. Biological properties ye barium
Toxicity: Yakanyanya kuwanda ye barium ion kana barium makomisheni ine chepfu kumuviri wemunhu. Kunyanya kunwa barium kunogona kukonzera acute chepfu zviratidzo, kusanganisira kurutsa, manyoka, tsandanyama kushaya simba, arrhythmia, etc. Muchetura wakanyanya unogona kukonzera kukuvara kwetsinga, kukuvara kweitsvo uye matambudziko emwoyo.
Bone accumulation: Barium inogona kuunganidza mumapfupa mumuviri wemunhu, kunyanya kune vakwegura. Kugara kwenguva refu kune yakanyanya kuwanda kwebarium kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvemapfupa senge osteoporosis.
Cardiovascular effects: Barium, kufanana nesodium, inogona kukanganisa ion balance uye magetsi, inokanganisa kushanda kwemwoyo. Kunyanya kunwa barium kunogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwemwoyo rhythms uye kuwedzera njodzi yekurohwa kwemoyo.
Carcinogenicity: Kunyange zvazvo kuchine kukakavara pamusoro pecarcinogenicity ye barium, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune yakakwirira ye barium kunogona kuwedzera njodzi yemamwe kenza, akadai sekenza yemudumbu uye esophageal cancer. Nekuda kwehuturu uye njodzi inogona kuitika yebarium, vanhu vanofanirwa kungwarira kudzivirira kudyisa zvakanyanya kana kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune yakanyanya kuwanda kwebarium. Kuiswa kweBarium mumvura yekunwa uye chikafu kunofanirwa kuongororwa uye kudzorwa kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu. Kana uchifungidzira kuti une chepfu kana kuti une zviratidzo zvinoenderana nazvo, tapota tsvaga kurapwa nekukasika.
6. Barium Muzvisikwa
Barium Minerals: Barium inogona kuvapo pasi pevhu nenzira yemaminerari. Zvimwe zvinowanzoitwa barium zvicherwa zvinosanganisira barite uye witherite. Aya ores anowanzoitika nemamwe mamineral, akadai se lead, zinc, uye sirivheri.
Yakanyungudutswa Mumvura Yepasi NeMatombo: Barium inogona kuvapo mumvura yepasi nematombo munzvimbo yakanyungudutswa. Mvura yepasi pevhu ine inoteedzera huwandu hweyakanyungudika barium, uye kusungirirwa kwayo kunoenderana neiyo geological mamiriro uye makemikari emuviri wemvura. Barium munyu: Barium inogona kugadzira munyu wakasiyana, senge barium chloride, barium nitrate uye barium carbonate. Mishonga iyi inogona kuvapo mumasikirwo semaminerari chaiwo.
Zviri muvhu:Bariuminogona kuva muvhu nenzira dzakasiyana, dzimwe dzacho dzinobva mukuparara kwemamineral particles kana matombo. Izvo zviri mu barium muvhu kazhinji zvakaderera, asi panogona kunge paine huwandu hwakanyanya hwebarium mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakananga.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti chimiro uye zvirimo zvebarium zvinogona kusiyanisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dze geological uye matunhu, saka chaiyo geographical uye geological mamiriro anofanirwa kutariswa pakukurukura barium.
7. Barium migodhi uye kugadzirwa
Iyo migodhi uye yekugadzirira maitiro eBarium kazhinji inosanganisira anotevera matanho:
1. Migodhi ye barium ore: Iyo huru mineral ye barium ore inonzi barite, inozivikanwawo sebarium sulfate. Kazhinji inowanikwa mugoko repasi uye inoparadzirwa zvakanyanya mumatombo nemamineral deposits pasi. Migodhi inowanzo sanganisira nzira dzakaita sekuputika, kuchera, kupwanya uye kugadzika kweore kuti uwane ores ine barium sulfate.
2. Kugadzirira kwekuisa pfungwa: Kubvisa barium kubva kune barium ore kunoda kunyanya kurapwa kwesimbi. Kugadzirira kwekuisa pfungwa kunowanzo sanganisira kusarudzwa kwemaoko uye matanho ekufambisa kubvisa tsvina uye kuwana ore ine zvinopfuura 96% barium sulfate.
3. Kugadzirira kwebarium sulfate: Iko kusungirirwa kunoiswa pasi pematanho akadai sesimbi uye silicon kubviswa kuti pakupedzisira uwane barium sulfate (BaSO4).
4. Kugadzirira kwe barium sulfide: Kuti ugadzirire barium kubva ku barium sulfate, barium sulfate inoda kuchinjwa kuva barium sulfide, inozivikanwawo se black ash. Barium sulfate ore poda ine particle size isingasviki 20 mesh inowanzosanganiswa nemarasha kana petroleum coke powder muchiyero che4: 1. Musanganiswa wakagochwa pa1100 ℃ muchoto chinodzoreredza, uye barium sulfate inoderedzwa kuita barium sulfide.
5. Kubvisa barium sulfide: Mushonga we barium sulfide we barium sulfate unogona kuwanikwa nemvura inopisa.
6. Kugadzirira kwe barium oxide: Kuti uchinje barium sulfide mu barium oxide, sodium carbonate kana carbon dioxide inowanzowedzerwa kune barium sulfide solution. Mushure mekusanganisa barium carbonate uye kabhoni poda, calcination iri pamusoro pe800 ℃ inogona kuburitsa barium oxide.
7. Kutonhodza nekugadzirisa: Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti barium oxide yakashongedzwa kuti iite barium peroxide pa500-700 ℃, uye barium peroxide inogona kuparara kuita barium oxide pa700-800 ℃. Kuti udzivise kugadzirwa kwebarium peroxide, chigadzirwa checalcined chinoda kunyoroveswa kana kudzimwa pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwegesi inert.
Izvo zviri pamusoro apa ndiyo yakawanda migodhi uye gadziriro yegadziriro ye barium element. Aya maitiro anogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemaindasitiri maitiro nemidziyo, asi misimboti yese inoramba yakafanana. Barium isimbi yakakosha yeindasitiri inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira indasitiri yemakemikari, mushonga, zvemagetsi uye mamwe minda.
8. Nzira dzinowanzozivikanwa dze barium element
Bariumchinhu chakajairika chinowanzoshandiswa mune dzakasiyana siyana maindasitiri nesainzi zvikumbiro. Mu analytical chemistry, nzira dzekutsvaga barium dzinowanzosanganisira qualitative analysis uye quantitative analysis. Iyi inotevera sumo yakadzama kune inowanzoshandiswa nzira dzekuona dzebarium element:
1. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS): Iyi inzira inowanzoshandiswa yekuongorora yehuwandu yakakodzera masampuli ane huwandu hwepamusoro. Sample solution inopfapfaidzwa mumurazvo, uye maatomu ebarium anotora mwenje weimwe wavelength. Kusimba kwechiedza chakanyura chinoyerwa uye chinoenzana nekuwanda kwe barium.
2. Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry (FAES): Iyi nzira inoona barium nokupfapfaidza mhinduro yemuenzaniso mumurazvo, zvichifadza maatomu e barium kuti abudise chiedza chewavelength chaiyo. Kuenzaniswa neFAAS, FAES inowanzo shandiswa kuona kuderera kwe barium.
3. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AAS): Iyi nzira yakafanana neFAAS, asi inoshandisa fluorescence spectrometer kuona kuvapo kwebarium. Inogona kushandiswa kuyera huwandu hwehuwandu hwebarium.
4. Ion Chromatography: Iyi nzira yakakodzera kuongororwa kwebharium mumvura yemvura. Barium ions inoparadzaniswa uye inowanikwa neion chromatography. Inogona kushandiswa kuyera kusangana kwebarium mumasampuli emvura.
5. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF): Iyi inzira isina kukanganisa yekuongorora inokodzera kuonekwa kwebarium mumasampuli akasimba. Mushure mokunge samuenzaniso yafadzwa ne-X-rays, maatomu e-barium anobudisa fluorescence chaiyo, uye zvinyorwa zvebarium zvinotsanangurwa nekuyera kusimba kwefluorescence.
6. Misa Spectrometry: Misa spectrometry inogona kushandiswa kuona isotopic kuumbwa kwebarium uye kuona zviri mukati mebarium. Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa pakuongorora kwepamusoro-soro uye inogona kuona kuderera kwakanyanya kwebarium. Pamusoro pane dzimwe nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa pakuona barium. Iyo chaiyo nzira yekusarudza inoenderana nemhando yemuenzaniso, iyo yekumisikidza huwandu hwebarium, uye chinangwa chekuongorora. Kana iwe uchida rumwe ruzivo kana uine mimwe mibvunzo, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kundizivisa. Idzi nzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya murabhoritari uye maindasitiri ekushandisa kuyera nemazvo uye nekuvimbika uye kuona kuvepo uye kusungwa kwebarium. Iyo chaiyo nzira yekushandisa zvinoenderana nerudzi rwesample inoda kuyerwa, huwandu hwehuwandu hwebarium, uye chinangwa chaicho chekuongorora.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-09-2024