Nhau - Chii chinonzi holmium element?

1. Kuwanikwa kweholmium Elements
Mushure mekunge Mosander aparadzanaerbiumuyeterbiumkubvayttriummuna 1842, chemist vakawanda vakashandisa spectral ongororo kuti vazvione uye vakatsunga kuti vakanga vasiri yakachena oxides chinhu, izvo akakurudzira kemisitiri kuramba kuvaparadzanisa. Mushure mekuparadzanaytterbium oxideuyescandium oxidekubva kuytterbium oxide, Cliff akaparadzanisa maokisijeni maviri matsva ezvinhu muna 1879. Imwe yacho yakanzi holmium kurangarira kwakaberekerwa Cliff, zita rekare rechiLatin reStockholm, guta guru reSweden, Holmia, uye chiratidzo chechinhu chinonzi Ho. Gare gare, muna 1886, Boisbodran akaparadzanisa chimwe chinhu kubva kuholmium, asi zita reholmium rakachengetwa. Nekuwanwa kweholmium nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi, imwe hafu yenhanho yechitatu yekuwanwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi yakapedzwa.

2. Zvinhu zvemuviri zveholmium
Holmium isimbi chena sirivha, yakapfava uye ductile; kunyungudika 1474°C, kuvira 2695°C, density 8.7947g/cm³. Holmium yakagadzikana mumhepo yakaoma uye oxidizes nokukurumidza pakupisa kukuru;holmium oxidendiyo yakasimba zvikuru inozivikanwa paramagnetic substance. Holmium makomisheni anogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera kune zvitsva zveferromagnetic zvinhu;holmium iodideinoshandiswa kugadzira marambi esimbi halide - holmium mwenje. Yakagadzikana mumhepo yakaoma pakupisa kwekamuri uye nyore oxidized mumhepo ine hunyoro uye pakupisa kwakanyanya. Dzivisa kusangana nemhepo, oxides, acids, halogens, uye mvura nyoro. Inoburitsa magasi anopfuta kana yasangana nemvura; inonyungudika muinorganic acids. Iyo yakagadzikana mumhepo yakaoma pane tembiricha yekamuri, asi oxidize nekukurumidza mumhepo ine hunyoro uye pamusoro pekamuri tembiricha. Iine maitiro emakemikari anoshanda. Inoora mvura zvishoma nezvishoma. Inogona kusanganisa pamwe nezvose zvisiri zvesimbi. Inowanikwa muyttrium silicate, monazite uye mamwe maminerari epasi asingawanzo. Inoshandiswa kugadzira magineti alloy zvinhu.

3. Mishonga yemakemikari ye holmium
Yakagadzikana mumhepo yakaoma pane tembiricha yekamuri, uye nyore oxidized mumhepo ine hunyoro uye pakupisa kwakanyanya. Dzivisa kusangana nemhepo, oxides, acids, halogens, uye mvura ine mwando. Inoburitsa magasi anopfuta kana yasangana nemvura; inonyungudika mune inorganic acids. Yakagadzikana mumhepo yakaoma pane tembiricha yekamuri, asi oxidize nekukurumidza mumhepo ine hunyoro uye pamusoro pekamuri tembiricha. Iine maitiro emakemikari anoshanda. Inoodza mvura zvishoma nezvishoma. Inogona kusanganiswa pamwe nezvose zvisiri zvesimbi. Inowanikwa muyttrium silicate, monazite uye mamwe maminerari epasi asingawanzo. Inoshandiswa kugadzira magineti alloy zvinhu. Kufanana nedysprosium, isimbi inogona kutora manyuturoni anogadzirwa nenyukireya fission. Muchigadzirwa chenyukireya, inoramba ichipisa kune rumwe rutivi uye inodzora kumhanya kwecheni inopindira kune rimwe. Element tsananguro: Iine simbi inopenya. Inogona kuita zvishoma nezvishoma nemvura uye kunyunguduka mu dilute acid. Munyu wakatsvuka. Iyo oxide Ho2O2 yakasvibira. Inonyungudika mumineral acid kugadzira trivalent ion yellow munyu. Element source: Inogadzirwa nekudzikisaholmium fluorideHoF3·2H2O ine calcium.
Compounds
(1)Holmium oxideichena uye ine zvimiro zviviri: body-centered cubic uye monoclinic. Ho2O3 ndiyo yega okisidhi yakagadzikana. Zvigadzirwa zvayo zvemakemikari uye nzira dzekugadzirira zvakafanana neye lanthanum oxide. Inogona kushandiswa kugadzira holmium mwenje.
(2)Holmium nitrateMolecular formula: Ho(NO3)3·5H2O; Masikuru: 441.02; Kazhinji inokuvadza zvishoma kumitumbi yemvura. Usabvumira huwandu husina kunyungudutswa kana hukuru hwechigadzirwa kuti husangane nemvura yepasi, nzira dzemvura kana masisitimu etsvina. Usaburitse zvinhu munzvimbo yakapoteredza pasina mvumo yehurumende.

4.Synthesis nzira ye holmium
1. Holmium simbiinogona kuwanikwa nekuderedza anhydrousholmium trichloride or holmium trifluorideine metallic calcium
2. Mushure mokunge holmium yakaparadzana kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzisingawanzoitiki neion exchange kana tekinoroji yekubvisa solvent, metal holmium inogona kugadzirirwa nesimbi yekuderedza kupisa. Lithium thermal reduction yerare earth chloride yakasiyana necalcium thermal reduction yerare earth chloride. Iyo yekuderedza maitiro ekare inoitwa muchikamu chegasi. Iyo lithium thermal reduction reactor yakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo mbiri dzekudziya, uye kudzikisira uye distillation maitiro anoitwa mumidziyo yakafanana. Anhydrousholmium chlorideinoiswa mupamusoro titanium reactor crucible (zvakare HoCl3 distillation chamber), uye inoderedza agent metallic lithium inoiswa muzasi crucible. Ipapo iyo Stainless simbi reaction tank inoburitswa kuenda ku7Pa yobva yapiswa. Kana tembiricha yasvika 1000 ℃, inochengetwa kwenguva yakati kuti ibvumireHoCl3mhute uye lithium vapor kuti iite zvizere, uye iyo yakaderedzwa simbi holmium solid particles inowira muzasi crucible. Mushure mekuita kwekudzikisa kwapera, iyo yepasi crucible chete inopisa kuti isa LiCl mukati mepamusoro crucible. Iyo yekudzikisa reaction process kazhinji inotora anenge 10h. Kuti ugadzire pureer metallic holmium, iyo inodzikisa simbi lithium inofanira kunge iri 99.97% yakakwirira kuchena lithium uye kaviri distilled anhydrous HoCl3 inofanira kushandiswa.

5. Zvishandiso zveholmium

(1) Inoshandiswa sechiwedzera chemarambi esimbi halide. Metal halide marambi imhando yemwenje yekuburitsa gasi yakagadziridzwa pahwaro hweiyo high-pressure mercury marambi. Chimiro chavo ndechekuti ma bulbs akazadzwa neakasiyana-siyana asingawanzo pasi halides. Iyo huru inoshandiswa ndeye isingawanzo pasi iodides, iyo inoburitsa akasiyana spectral mavara kana gasi raburitswa. Chinhu chinoshanda chinoshandiswa mumarambi eholmium iholmium iodide, inogona kuwana huwandu hwepamusoro hwemaatomu esimbi munzvimbo yearc, nekudaro ichivandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwemwaranzi.

(2) Holmium inogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera kune yttrium iron kana yttrium aluminium garnet;

(3) Holmium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) inogona kuburitsa 2μm lasers. Mwero wekunyudzwa kwe2μm lasers nematishu emunhu wakakwira, ingangoita 3 mirairo yehukuru yakakwira kupfuura iyo yeHd: YAG. Naizvozvo, kana uchishandisa Ho: YAG lasers yekuvhiyiwa kwekurapa, haingogone kuvandudza hunyanzvi uye kurongeka kwekuvhiya, asi zvakare kuderedza nzvimbo yekukuvadza kwekupisa kusvika padiki. Iyo yemahara danda inogadzirwa neholmium crystal inogona kubvisa mafuta pasina kuunza kupisa kwakanyanya, nekudaro ichidzikisa kukuvadzwa kwekupisa kune hutano tishu. Zvinonzi United States inoshandisa holmium laser kurapa glaucoma, iyo inogona kuderedza marwadzo ekuvhiyiwa kwevarwere. Iyo nhanho yeChina's 2μm laser crystal yasvika padanho repasi rose, uye isu tinofanirwa kusimudzira nesimba uye kugadzira iyi mhando yelaser crystal.

(4) Huwandu hudiki hweholmium hunogonawo kuwedzerwa kune magnetostrictive alloy kudzikisa yekunze munda unodiwa kune saturation magnetization yealloy.

(5) Pamusoro pezvo, holmium-doped optical fiber inogona kushandiswa kugadzira optical fiber lasers, optical fiber amplifiers, optical fiber sensors uye mamwe maoptical communication madivayiri, ayo achaita basa rakakosha mukukurumidza kukurumidza kwezuva ranhasi kwe optical fiber communication.

Holmium laser Kushandiswa kweholmium laser kwaunza kurapwa kweweti matombo kune imwe nhanho. Holmium laser ine wavelength ye2.1μm uye iri pulsed laser. Ndiyo ichangoburwa yeakawanda lasers anoshandiswa mukuvhiya. Simba rinogadzirwa rinogona kupfutisa mvura pakati pekunoperera fiber optical nedombo, richigadzira tutubu tudiki, uye kuendesa simba kudombo, richipwanya dombo kuita upfu. Mvura inotora simba rakawanda, ichideredza kukuvadzwa kwematishu akapoteredza. Panguva imwecheteyo, kudzika kwekupinda kweholmium laser munyama yemunhu hakuna kudzika, chete 0.38mm. Naizvozvo, pakupwanya matombo, kukuvadzwa kwematishu akapoteredzwa kunogona kudzikiswa, uye chengetedzo yakakwira zvakanyanya.
Holmium laser lithotripsy tekinoroji: yekurapa holmium laser lithotripsy, iyo inokodzera matombo akaomarara eitsvo, matombo eureteral uye dundira matombo asingagone kutyorwa neextracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Paunenge uchishandisa zvekurapa holmium laser lithotripsy, iyo yakatetepa optical fiber yekurapa holmium laser inopfuura nemuurethra uye ureter nerubatsiro rwecystoscope uye inochinjika ureteroscope kuti isvike dundira matombo, ureteral matombo uye itsvo matombo, uye ipapo chiremba weurologist anoshandisa holmium laser kuputsa matombo. Kubatsira kweiyi nzira yekurapa ndeyekuti inogona kugadzirisa ureter matombo, dundira uye mazhinji eitsvo matombo. Izvo zvakashata ndezvekuti kune mamwe matombo ari kumusoro uye kuzasi calyces yeitsvo, matombo mashoma anosara nekuti holmium laser fiber inopinda kubva muureter haigone kusvika panzvimbo yedombo.
Holmium laser rudzi rutsva rwelaser inogadzirwa ne pulsed solid laser mudziyo wakagadzirwa nelaser crystal (Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG) ine yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) seyo activation medium uye doped ine sensitizing ions chromium (Cr), simba rekufambisa ions thulium (Tm) uye activation ions (Holmium ions). Inogona kushandiswa mukuvhiya mumadhipatimendi akadai seurology, ENT, dermatology, uye gynecology. Kuvhiyiwa kwelaser uku hakupindire kana kupinza zvishoma uye murwere anonzwa kurwadziwa kushoma panguva yekurapwa.

Nguva yekutumira: Nov-14-2024