1, Tsanangudzo yeNuclear Materials
Mupfungwa yakafara, zvinhu zvenyukireya ndiro izwi rezvizhinji zvezvinhu zvinoshandiswa chete muindasitiri yenyukireya netsvakiridzo yesainzi yenyukireya, kusanganisira mafuta enyukireya uye zvishandiswa zveinjiniya yenyukireya, kureva kuti zvisiri zvemafuta enyukireya.
Izvo zvinowanzotaurwa nezvenyukireya zvinonyanya kureva zvinhu zvinoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dze reactor, inozivikanwawo semareactor zvinhu.Zvigadzirwa zvereactor zvinosanganisira mafuta enyukireya anopinda munyukireya pasi peneutron bombardment, zvinhu zvekuvharisa zvemafuta enyukireya, zvinotonhorera, neutron moderators (moderator), kudzora tsvimbo zvinhu zvinotora manyutroni zvine simba, uye zvinhu zvinoratidzira zvinodzivirira kubuda kwenyuturoni kunze kwe reactor.
2, Co inobatanidza hukama pakati pezvisingawanzo pasi zviwanikwa uye zviwanikwa zvenyukireya
Monazite, inonziwo phosphocerite uye phosphocerite, inowanzowanikwa mamineral mune yepakati acid igneous rock uye metamorphic rock.Monazite ndeimwe yemaminerari makuru easingawanzo pasi simbi ore, uye zvakare iripo mune imwe sedimentary dombo.Brownish tsvuku, yero, dzimwe nguva brownish yero, ine greasy luster, yakazara cleavage, Mohs kuoma kwe5-5.5, uye chaiyo giravhiti ye4.9-5.5.
Iyo huru ore mineral yeimwe placer rudzi isingawanzo dhipoziti pasi muChina ndeye monazite, inonyanya kuwanikwa muTongcheng, Hubei, Yueyang, Hunan, Shangrao, Jiangxi, Menghai, Yunnan, uye He County, Guangxi.Zvisinei, kubviswa kwenzvimbo ye placer rare earth zviwanikwa kazhinji hakuna kukosha kwehupfumi.Matombo ega anowanzo aine reflexive thorium zvinhu uye zvakare ari sosi huru yekutengesa plutonium.
3. Mhedziso yekushandiswa kwepasi kusingawanzo mu nyukireya fusion uye nyukireya fission zvichibva pane patent panoramic ongororo
Mushure mekunge mazwi akakosha ezvisingawanzo tsvakiridzo yepasi awedzerwa zvizere, anosanganiswa nemakiyi ekuwedzera uye manhamba ekuisa nyukireya fission uye nuclear fusion, uye kutsvaga muIncopt dhatabhesi.Zuva rekutsvaga ndiNyamavhuvhu 24, 2020. Patents 4837 zvakawanikwa mushure mekubatana kwemhuri kuri nyore, uye 4673 patents dzakatemwa mushure mekudzikisa ruzha rwekugadzira.
Rare earth patent applications mumunda we nuclear fission kana nuclear fusion inogoverwa munyika/matunhu makumi mashanu nenhanhatu, akanyanya kubatwa muJapan, China, United States, Germany neRussia, etc. Nhamba yakati wandei yemapatent inoshandiswa nenzira yePCT. , iyo Chinese patent tekinoroji zvikumbiro zvave zvichiwedzera, kunyanya kubva 2009, ichipinda mudanho rekukura nekukurumidza, uye Japan, United States neRussia vakaramba vachirongedza mumunda uyu kwemakore mazhinji (Figure 1).
Mufananidzo 1 Kushandiswa kwemaitiro etekinoroji patent ane hukama neasingawanzo shandiswa pasi munyukireya fission uye nyukireya fusion munyika/matunhu.
Zvinogona kuonekwa kubva mukuongororwa kwemadingindira ehunyanzvi kuti kushandiswa kwepasi risingawanzo mu nyukireya fusion uye nyukireya fission inotarisa pazvinhu zvemafuta, scintillators, radiation detectors, actinides, plasmas, nuclear reactors, kudzivirira zvinhu, neutron absorption uye mamwe maitiro ehunyanzvi.
4, Zvikumbiro Zvakanangana uye Kiyi Patent Tsvagiridzo yeRare Earth Elements muNuclear Materials
Pakati pazvo, nyukireya fusion uye nyukireya fission reactions muzvinhu zvenyukireya zvakanyanya, uye zvinodiwa zvezvinhu zvakasimba.Parizvino, mareactor emagetsi anonyanya kuita nuclear fission reactors, uye mafusion reactor angave akakurumbira pamwero mukuru pashure pemakore 50.Kushandiswa kwerare pasizvinhu mu reactor structural zvinhu;Munzvimbo dzemakemikari enyukireya chaiwo, zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvinonyanya kushandiswa mumatanda ekudzora;Pamusoro pe,scandiumyakashandiswawo muradiochemistry uye indasitiri yenyukireya.
(1) Sechepfu inobvira kana tsvimbo yekudzora kugadzirisa neutron level uye yakakomba mamiriro enyukireya reactor.
Mumagetsi emagetsi, iyo yekutanga yasara reactivity yemacores matsva inowanzokwira.Kunyanya mumatanho ekutanga ekutanga kuwedzera refueling kutenderera, kana mafuta ese enyukireya ari pakati ari matsva, iyo yakasara reactivity ndiyo yakakwirira.Panguva ino, kuvimba chete nekuwedzera kudzora tsvimbo kubhadharira zvakasara reactivity kwaizounza mamwe madhiri ekudzora.Imwe neimwe tsvimbo yekudzora (kana tsvimbo bundle) inoenderana nekuunzwa kweiyo yakaoma kutyaira michina.Kune rumwe rutivi, izvi zvinowedzera mari, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kuvhura maburi mumusoro wekumanikidzwa kwemudziyo kunogona kutungamirira mukuderera kwesimba rekugadzirisa.Hazvirevi chete kuti hazvina hupfumi, asi hazvibvumirwiwo kuva nehumwe huwandu hweporosity uye simba rekugadzirisa pamusoro pekumanikidza mudziyo musoro.Nekudaro, pasina kuwedzera matanda ekudzora, zvinodikanwa kuwedzera huwandu hwemakemikari anobhadhara chepfu (senge boric acid) kubhadhara iyo yasara reactivity.Muchiitiko ichi, zviri nyore kuti boron concentration ipfuure chikumbaridzo, uye tembiricha coefficient of moderator ichava yakanaka.
Kuti udzivise matambudziko ambotaurwa, musanganiswa wechetura unopfuta, tsvimbo dzekudzora, uye makemikari muripo wekudzora anogona kazhinji kushandiswa kudzora.
(2) Senge dopant yekusimudzira mashandiro eiyo reactor zvimiro zvezvinhu
Mareactor anoda zvimiro nemafuta emafuta kuti ave nehumwe nhanho yesimba, corrosion resistance, uye high thermal stability, ukuwo ichidzivirira mafission products kuti asapinde muchitonhodza.
1) .Rare ivhu simbi
Iyo nyukireya reactor ine yakanyanyisa muviri uye kemikari mamiriro, uye chimwe nechimwe chikamu cheiyo reactor inewo zvakakwirira zvinodiwa kune yakakosha simbi inoshandiswa.Zvisizvo zvepasi zvinhu zvine akakosha gadziriso mhedzisiro pasimbi, kunyanya zvinosanganisira kucheneswa, metamorphism, microalloying, uye kuvandudzwa kwekupokana kwekuora.Ivhu risingawanikwe rine simbi rinoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mumagetsi enyukireya.
① Kucheneswa mhedzisiro: Tsvagiridzo iripo yakaratidza kuti nyika isingawanzo ine yakanaka yekuchenesa simbi yakanyungudutswa pakupisa kwakanyanya.Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mavhu asingawanzo kuita zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakaita seokisijeni nesarufa musimbi yakanyungudutswa kuti ibudise makomisheni ekupisa kwepamusoro.Iko-kupisa kwepamusoro-soro kunogona kuderedzwa uye kubudiswa nenzira yekubatanidzwa musati simbi yakanyungudutswa yakanyungudutswa, nokudaro kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemukati musimbi yakanyungudutswa.
② Metamorphism: kune rumwe rutivi, maokisijeni, sulfides kana oxysulfides anogadzirwa nekuita kwepasi risingawanzo musimbi yakanyungudutswa ine zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakaita seokisijeni nesarufa zvinogona kuchengetwa muchidimbu simbi yakanyungudutswa uye kuva inclusions yesimbi ine yakakwira kunyungudika. .Izvi zvinosanganisirwa zvinogona kushandiswa se heterogeneous nucleation nzvimbo panguva yekuomeswa kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa, nekudaro kuvandudza chimiro uye chimiro chesimbi.
③ Microalloying: kana kuwedzerwa kwepasi risingawanzo kuwedzererwa, iyo yakasara isingawanzo pasi ichanyungudika musimbi mushure mekucheneswa kwepamusoro uye metamorphism kwapera.Sezvo nzvimbo yeatomu yepasi isingawanzokura kupfuura iyo yeatomu yesimbi, pasi risingawanzoitiki rine basa repamusoro.Munguva yekusimba kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa, zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvakafumiswa pamuganhu wezviyo, izvo zvinogona kuderedza zviri nani kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zvisina kuchena pamuganhu wezviyo, nokudaro kusimbisa mhinduro yakasimba uye kutamba basa re microalloying.Nekune rumwe rutivi, nekuda kwehaidhirojeni yekuchengetedza maitiro epasi risingawanzo, vanogona kutora haidrojeni musimbi, nekudaro zvinobudirira kuvandudza hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon yesimbi.
④ Kuvandudza corrosion resistance: Kuwedzerwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvinogonawo kuvandudza kumira kwekuora kwesimbi.Izvi zvinodaro nekuti nyika isingawanzoiti ine corrosion yakakwirira kupfuura simbi isina simbi.Naizvozvo, kuwedzera kwepasi risingawanzo kusimudzira kunogona kuwedzera iyo yega corrosion yesimbi isina tsvina, nekudaro ichivandudza kugadzikana kwesimbi mune inoora media.
2).Key Patent Kudzidza
Key patent: yekugadzira patent yekuparadzira oxide yakasimbisa yakaderera activation simbi uye nzira yekugadzirira neInstitute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Patent abstract: Inopihwa iyo oxide dispersion yakasimbiswa yakaderera activation simbi inokodzera fusion reactor uye nzira yekugadzirira, inoratidzwa mukuti chikamu chezvikamu zvealloy muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwesimbi yakaderera activation ndeye: matrix iFe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, ≤ 0.0 ≤%, 0.0 ≤ 2O3 ≤ 0.5% .
Kugadzira maitiro: Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn amai alloy kunyunguduka, poda atomization, yakakwirira-simba bhora kugaya yaamai alloy uyeY2O3 nanoparticleyakasanganiswa hupfu, hupfu hunofukidzira kuburitsa, kugadzika kuumbwa, kupisa kunopisa, uye kupisa kurapwa.
Rare pasi yekuwedzera nzira: Wedzera nanoscaleY2O3zvimedu kumubereki alloy atomized poda yekukuya-simba bhora rekukuya, bhora rekugayo riri Φ 6 uye Φ 10 mabhora esimbi akaomarara akasanganiswa, ane 99.99% bhora rekugaya gasi, bhora rehurema reshiyo ye (8- 10): 1, nguva yekugaya bhora ye40-70 maawa, uye kumhanya kwekutenderera kwe350-500 r/min.
3）.Inoshandiswa kugadzira neutron radiation kudzivirira zvinhu
① Nheyo yekudzivirira neutron radiation
Maneutron zvikamu zveatomic nuclei, ine static mass ye 1.675 × 10-27kg, inova 1838 times the electronic mass.Radiyosi yayo inosvika 0.8 × 10-15m, yakafanana muhukuru kune proton, yakafanana ne γ Rays haina kubhadhariswa zvakaenzana.Kana manyuturoni achidyidzana nenyaya, anonyanyo dyidzana nemasimba enyukireya ari mukati memukati, uye haadyidzane nemaerekitironi ari mugoko rekunze.
Nekukurumidza kuvandudzwa kwesimba renyukireya uye tekinoroji yemagetsi emagetsi, kutarisisa kwakanyanya kwakabhadharwa kune kuchengetedzwa kwemwaranzi yenyukireya uye kuchengetedzwa kwemwaranzi yenyukireya.Kuti usimbise kuchengetedzwa kwemwaranzi yevashandisi vanga vachigadzirisa michina yemwaranzi uye kununura tsaona kwenguva yakareba, zvine kukosha kukuru kwesainzi uye kukosha kwehupfumi kukudziridza maumbirwo ekudzivirira asina kuremerwa ezvipfeko zvekudzivirira.Neutron radiation ndiyo inonyanya kukosha chikamu chenyukireya reactor radiation.Kazhinji, manyuturoni mazhinji akasangana nevanhu akaderedzwa kusvika kumanyuturoni ane simba rakaderera mushure mekudzivirira kwenyutroni yezvimiro mukati meiyo nyukireya reactor.Manyutroni ane simba mashoma anodhumhana nenyukirei ine yakaderera nhamba yeatomu elastic uye inoramba ichimisikidzwa.Iwo moderated thermal neutrons anozobatwa nezvinhu zvine hombe neutron absorption cross section, uye pakupedzisira neutron shielding ichawanikwa.
② Kiyi Patent Kudzidza
Iyo porous uye organic-inorganic hybrid zvimiro zverare earth elementgadoliniumyakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton zvinhu zvinowedzera kuenderana kwavo ne polyethylene, ichisimudzira yakabatanidzwa inoumbwa zvinhu kuti ive nepamusoro gadolinium yemukati uye gadolinium dispersion.Iyo yakakwira gadolinium yemukati uye kupararira ichakanganisa zvakananga neutron kudzivirira kuita kwezvakaumbwa zvinhu.
Patent yakakosha: Hefei Institute of Material Science, Chinese Academy yeScience, yekugadzira patent ye gadolinium yakavakirwa organic framework inoumba inodzivirira zvinhu uye nzira yekugadzirira.
Patent Abstract: Gadolinium yakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton composite shielding zvinhu chinhu chakaumbwa chakaumbwa nekusanganisa.gadoliniumyakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton zvinhu zvine polyethylene muhuremu reshiyo ye2:1:10 uye kuigadzira kuburikidza nekunyungudutsa kunonyungudutsa kana kupisa kupisa.Gadolinium yakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton composite shielding zvinhu zvine yakakwira yekudziya kugadzikana uye yekupisa neutron kudzivirira kugona.
Manufacturing process: kusarudza zvakasiyanagadolinium simbimunyu uye organic ligands kugadzirira uye kugadzira akasiyana marudzi egadolinium yakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton zvinhu, achiageza nemamorekuru madiki emethanol, ethanol, kana mvura ne centrifugation, uye kuamisa pakupisa kwakanyanya pasi pevacuum mamiriro ekubvisa zvizere zvakasara zvisina kubatwa mbishi zvinhu. mumapores e gadolinium yakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton zvinhu;Iyo gadolinium yakavakirwa organometallic skeleton zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa nhanho inomutswa ne polyethylene lotion nekumhanya kwakanyanya, kana ultrasonically, kana iyo gadolinium based organometallic skeleton zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa nhanho inonyungudika yakasanganiswa ne-ultra-yakakwirira molecular weight polyethylene pakupisa kwepamusoro kusvika yanyatsosanganiswa;Isa iyo yakafanana yakasanganiswa gadolinium yakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton zvinhu / polyethylene musanganiswa muforoma, uye tora yakaumbwa gadolinium based metal organic skeleton composite shielding material nekuomesa kukurudzira kunyunguduka evaporation kana kupisa kupisa;Iyo yakagadzirwa gadolinium yakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton composite shielding zvinhu yakavandudza zvakanyanya kupisa kupisa, michina zvimiro, uye yepamusoro yekupisa neutron kudzivirira kugona zvichienzaniswa neyakajeka polyethylene zvinhu.
Rare earth kuwedzera modhi: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 kana Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 porous crystalline coordination polymer ine gadolinium, iyo inowanikwa nekubatanidza polymerizationGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O kana GdCl3 • 6H2Ouye organic carboxylate ligand;Saizi ye gadolinium yakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton zvinhu ndeye 50nm-2 μ m; Gadolinium yakavakirwa simbi organic skeleton zvinhu zvine akasiyana morphologies, anosanganisira granular, tsvimbo-yakaita, kana tsono maumbirwo.
(4) Kushandiswa kweScandiummuRadiochemistry uye indasitiri yenyukireya
Scandium simbi ine yakanaka kugadzikana kwekupisa uye yakasimba fluorine absorption kuita, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha muindasitiri yesimba reatomu.
Key patent: China Aerospace Development Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, yekugadzira patent yealuminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy uye nzira yayo yekugadzirira.
Patent abstract: Aluminium zincmagnesium scandium alloyuye nzira yekugadzirira kwayo.Kuumbwa kwemakemikari uye uremu muzana yealuminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy ndeiyi: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, tsvina Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, imwe tsvina imwe chete ≤ 0.05%, humwe hutsvina hunokwana ≤ 0.15%, uye mari yakasara ndeyeAl.Iyo microstructure yeiyi aruminiyamu zinc magnesium scandium alloy material iyunifomu uye kuita kwayo kwakagadzikana, iine simba rekupedzisira rekusimba rinopfuura 400MPa, goho rinopfuura 350MPa, uye simba rekusimba rinopfuura 370MPa yemajoini akaiswa.Zvigadzirwa zvemukati zvinogona kushandiswa sezvimiro zvemuchadenga, indasitiri yenyukireya, zvekufambisa, zvinhu zvemitambo, zvombo uye mamwe minda.
Kugadzira maitiro: Nhanho 1, chigadziro zvinoenderana nepamusoro alloy kuumbwa;Danho rechipiri: Nyunguduka muchoto chekunyungudutsa patembiricha ye700 ℃ ~ 780 ℃;Danho rechitatu: Natsa simbi yakanyungudika zvachose, uye chengetedza tembiricha yesimbi mukati meiyo 700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ panguva yekunatsa;Danho rechina: Mushure mekunatswa, inofanira kubvumidzwa zvakakwana kumira;Nhanho yechishanu: Mushure mekumira zvakakwana, tanga kukanda, chengetedza tembiricha yevira mukati meiyo 690 ℃ ~ 730 ℃, uye yekukanda kumhanya ndeye 15-200mm/miniti;Nhanho yechitanhatu: Ita homogenization annealing kurapwa pane alloy ingot muchoto chekudziya, ine homogenization tembiricha ye400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃;Danho rechinomwe: Pera iyo homogenized ingot uye ita inopisa extrusion kuti ibudise ma profiles ane madziro makubvu anopfuura 2.0mm.Munguva ye extrusion process, iyo billet inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa patembiricha ye350 ℃ kusvika 410 ℃;Nhanho yechisere: Sveta chimiro chemhinduro yekudzima kurapwa, neyakagadziriswa tembiricha ye460-480 ℃;Nhanho 9: Mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekugadzirisa kwakasimba kudzima, nemaoko manikidza kuchembera.The manual force aging system is: 90 ~ 110 ℃/24 maawa + 170 ~ 180 ℃/5 maawa, kana 90 ~ 110 ℃/24 maawa + 145 ~ 155 ℃/10 maawa.
5. Tsvakurudzo pfupiso
Pazere, pasi risingawanzo shandiswa zvakanyanya mu nyukireya fusion uye nyukireya fission, uye ine akawanda patent marongero munzira dzakadai seX-ray excitation, plasma kuumbwa, light water reactor, transuranium, uranyl uye oxide poda.Kana zviri zvemareactor zvinhu, zvisingawanzo pasi zvinogona kushandiswa se reactor zvimiro zvezvinhu uye zvine chekuita neceramic insulation zvinhu, zvinhu zvekudzora uye neutron radiation yekudzivirira zvinhu.
Nguva yekutumira: May-26-2023