Adimikira rinozivikanwa nderokuti kana mafuta iropa reindasitiri, saka nyika isingawanzo vhitamini yeindasitiri.
Rare earth ndiko kududzirwa kweboka resimbi.Rare Earth Elements,REE) yakawanikwa imwe mushure meimwe kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18.Kune marudzi gumi nenomwe eREE, anosanganisira gumi neshanu lanthanides ari muperiodic table yemakemikari elements-lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), zvichingodaroParizvino, ine. yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakawanda yakadai semagetsi, petrochemicals uye simbi.Anenge makore 3-5 ega ega, masayendisiti anogona kuwana kushandiswa kutsva kwepasi risingawanzo, uye chimwe kubva pamatanhatu ega ega zvigadzirwa hazvigone kuparadzaniswa kubva kune isingawanzo pasi.
China yakapfuma muzvicherwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo, inomira yekutanga munyika nhatu: yekutanga mumatura ezviwanikwa, inoverengera 23%;Zvakabuda ndezvokutanga, zvichitora 80% kusvika 90% yezvinhu zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa pasi rose;Kutengeswa vhoriyamu ndiyo yekutanga, ine 60% kusvika 70% yezvisingawanzo zvigadzirwa zvepasi zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.Panguva imwecheteyo, China ndiyo chete nyika inogona kupa marudzi ese gumi nemanomwe emasimbi epasi, kunyanya epakati nepakati uye anorema zvisingawanzo pasi ane basa remauto rakatanhamara.
RIvhu chinhu chakakosha chehurongwa, icho chinozivikanwa se "industrial monosodium glutamate" uye "amai vezvigadzirwa zvitsva", uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukucheka-kumucheto sainzi uye tekinoroji uye indasitiri yemauto.Sekureva kweBazi reIndasitiri neRuzivo rweTekinoroji, zvinhu zvinoshanda senge isingawanzo pasi isingaperi magineti, luminescence, hydrogen chengetedzo uye catalysis zvave zvisingakoshike zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri epamusoro-soro senge ekugadzira michina yekugadzira, simba idzva uye maindasitiri ari kubuda. inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi, petrochemical indasitiri, simbi, michina, simba idzva, chiedza indasitiri, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, kurima uye zvichingodaro..
Kare muna 1983, Japan yakaunza hurongwa hwekuchengetera zvicherwa zvisingawanzo, uye 83% yepasi dzayo dzisingawanzo kuwanikwa dzakabva kuChina.
Tarisa kuUnited States zvakare, nzvimbo dzayo dzisingawanzo kuchengetwa dzepasi ndedzechipiri chete kuChina, asi pasi dzayo dzisingawanzo ivhu rakareruka, iro rakakamurwa kuita pasi rinorema risingawanzo uye rakareruka risingawanzo pasi.Mavhu anorema asingawanzo anodhura zvakanyanya, uye akareruka zvisingawanzo pasi haana hupfumi kune wangu, ayo akashandurwa kuve emanyepo asingawanzo pasi nevanhu vari muindasitiri.80% yeUS isingawanzo kutengwa pasi pano inobva kuChina.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping akamboti: “KuMiddle East kune oiri uye nyika isingawanzowaniki muChina.”Zvinorehwa nemashoko ake zvinobuda pachena.Rare pasi haisi iyo chete inodiwa "MSG" ye1/5 yepamusoro-tech zvigadzirwa munyika, asiwo ine simba bargaining chip yeChina patafura yenhaurirano yenyika mune ramangwana.Chengetedza uye nesainzi shandisa zviwanikwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo, rave zano renyika rinodaidzwa nevanhu vazhinji vane pfungwa dzakakwirira mumakore achangopfuura kudzivirira zviwanikwa zvepasi zvakakosha kuti zvisatengeswe nekuendeswa kune dzimwe nyika dzekumadokero.Muna 1992, Deng Xiaoping akataura zvakajeka chimiro cheChina senyika huru isingawanzoitiki.
Rondedzero yekushandiswa kwe17 isingawanzo pasi
1 lanthanum inoshandiswa mune alloy zvinhu uye mafirimu ekurima
Cerium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mugirazi remotokari
3 praseodymium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu ceramic pigments
Neodymium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemuchadenga
5 makwakwakwa esimba anopa simba rekubatsira satellite
Kushandiswa kwe6 Samarium muAtomic Energy Reactor
7 europium kugadzira lenzi uye liquid crystal inoratidza
Gadolinium 8 yekurapa magineti resonance imaging
9 terbium inoshandiswa mune ndege mapapiro regulator
10 erbium inoshandiswa mu laser rangefinder munyaya dzehondo
11 dysprosium inoshandiswa semwenje sosi yefirimu uye kudhinda
12 holmium inoshandiswa kugadzira michina yekukurukurirana yemaziso
13 thulium inoshandiswa kuchipatara kuongororwa uye kurapwa kwemamota
14 ytterbium yekuwedzera yekombuta memory element
Kushandiswa kwe15 lutetium mune simba bhatiri tekinoroji
16 yttrium inogadzira waya uye zvikamu zvesimba rendege
Scandium inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira alloys
Mashoko acho ndeaya:
1
Lanthanum (LA)
MuHondo yeGulf, mudziyo wechiratidzo chehusiku une rare Earth element lanthanum wakava tsime guru rematangi eUS. Mufananidzo uri pamusoro unoratidza lanthanum chloride powder(Mepu yedata)
Lanthanum inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvinhu zvepiezoelectric, electrothermal materials, thermoelectric materials, magnetoresistive materials, luminescent materials (blue powder), hydrogen storage materials, optical glass, laser materials, zvakasiyana-siyana alloy materials, etc. Lanthanum inoshandiswawo muzvigadziriso zvekugadzirira akawanda organic makemikari zvigadzirwa, Masayendisiti akatumidza lanthanum "super calcium" nekuda kwekuita kwayo pazvirimwa.
2
Cerium (CE)
Cerium inogona kushandiswa se catalyst, arc electrode uye yakakosha glass.Cerium alloy inopesana nekupisa kwakanyanya uye inogona kushandiswa kugadzira jet propulsion parts.(Mepu yedata)
(1) Cerium, sekuwedzera kwegirazi, inogona kutora ultraviolet uye infrared mwaranzi, uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari girazi.Haingogone kudzivirira ultraviolet mwaranzi, asi zvakare kuderedza tembiricha mukati memotokari, kuitira kuchengetedza magetsi emhepo. conditioning.Kubva 1997, ceria yakawedzerwa kune ese emota girazi muJapan.Muna 1996, matani angangoita 2000 eceria akashandiswa mugirazi remotokari, uye matani anopfuura 1000 muUnited States.
(2) Parizvino, cerium iri kushandiswa mumotokari exhaust purification catalyst, iyo inogona kudzivirira zvinobudirira huwandu hukuru hwemotokari yekuburitsa gasi kubva pakuburitswa mumhepo.Kushandiswa kweCerium muUnited States kunotora chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chekushandiswa kwese kwepasi risingawanzo.
(3) Cerium sulfide inogona kushandiswa mu pigment pachinzvimbo che lead, cadmium uye mamwe masimbi anokuvadza nharaunda uye vanhu.Inogona kushandiswa kupenda mapurasitiki, machira, inki uye mapepa industries.Parizvino, kambani inotungamira iFrench Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: LiSAF laser system is solid-state laser yakagadzirwa neUnited States.Inogona kushandiswa kuona zvombo zvipenyu uye mushonga kuburikidza nekutarisa tryptophan concentration.Cerium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakawanda.Anenge ese asingawanzo kushandisa epasi ane cerium.Senge poridhe yehupfu, hydrogen yekuchengetera zvinhu, thermoelectric zvinhu, cerium tungsten electrodes, ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, mafuta cell raw materials, peturu catalysts, zvimwe zvisingaperi magineti, akasiyana alloy. simbi uye simbi dzisina ferrous.
3
Praseodymium (PR)
Praseodymium neodymium alloy
(1) Praseodymium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka makeramics uye mazuva ese-kushandisa ceramics.Inogona kusanganiswa neceramic glaze kugadzira ruvara glaze, uye inogona kushandiswa se underglaze pigment.Iyo pigment ndeyero yero uye yakachena uye inoyevedza ruvara.
(2) Inoshandiswa kugadzira magineti echigarire.Kushandisa yakachipa praseodymium uye neodymium simbi pachinzvimbo chePure Neodymium simbi kugadzira zvechigarire magineti, kurwisa kwayo okisijeni uye michina yemagetsi zviri pachena kuti inovandudzwa, uye inogona kugadzirwa kuita magineti emhando dzakasiyana. inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumhando dzakasiyana dzemagetsi uye mota.
(3) Inoshandiswa mu petroleum catalytic cracking. Chiito, kusarudzwa uye kugadzikana kwechigadziridzo chinogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera yakafumiswa praseodymium uye neodymium muY zeolite molecular sieve kugadzirira petroleum cracking catalyst.China yakatanga kuisa mukushandiswa kwemaindasitiri muma1970, uye kushandiswa kuri kuwedzera.
(4) Praseodymium inogonawo kushandiswa pakutsvaira kweabrasive.Kuwedzera, praseodymium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu optical fiber field.
4
Neodymium (nd)
Sei M1 tank ichitanga kuwanikwa? Tangi ine Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, inogona kusvika kureba ingangoita 4000 metres masikati akajeka.(Mepu yedata)
Nekuzvarwa kwepraseodymium, neodymium yakatanga.Kusvika kweneodymium kwakamisikidza iyo isingawanzo pasi munda, yakaita basa rakakosha mumunda wepasi isingawanzo, uye yakapesvedzera isingawanzo musika wepasi.
Neodymium yave nzvimbo inopisa mumusika kwemakore mazhinji nekuda kwechinzvimbo chayo chakasiyana mumunda wepasi isingawanzo.Mushandisi mukuru weneodymium simbi ndeyeNdFeB zvachose magineti zvinhu.Kuuya kweNdFeB magineti echigarire kwakapinza hutsva hutsva munzvimbo isingawanzo yepasi yepamusoro-tech.NdFeB magineti inonzi "mambo wemagineti asingagumi" nekuda kweiyo yakakwirira magineti simba chigadzirwa.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi, muchina uye mamwe maindasitiri nekuita kwayo kwakanaka.Kubudirira kubudirira kweAlpha Magnetic Spectrometer kunoratidza kuti magineti eNdFeB magineti muChina apinda muchikamu chepasi rose.Neodymium inoshandiswawo mune zvisiri-ferrous zvinhu.Kuwedzera 1.5-2.5% neodymium mu magnesium kana aruminiyamu alloy inogona kunatsiridza tembiricha yakakwira, kusimba kwemhepo uye kushorwa kwekupokana kwealloy. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya semidziyo yemuchadenga.Pamusoro pezvo, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet inogadzira short-wave laser beam, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukupisa nekucheka zvinhu zvitete zvine ukobvu pasi pe10mm muindasitiri.Mukurapa kwekurapa, Nd: YAG laser inoshandiswa kubvisa kuvhiyiwa kana kuuraya utachiona maronda pane scalpel.Neodymium inoshandiswawo kupendesa girazi uye zvinhu zveceramic uye sekuwedzera kune zvigadzirwa zverabha.
5
Trollium (Pm)
Thulium chinhu chakagadzirwa neradioactive chinogadzirwa nenyukireya reactor (mepu yedata)
(1) inogona kushandiswa senzvimbo yekupisa.Ipa simba rekubatsira rekuona vacuum uye artificial satellite.
(2)Pm147 inoburitsa yakaderera-simba β-rays, iyo inogona kushandiswa kugadzira mabhatiri emacymbal.Sesimba rekupihwa kwezvombo zvinotungamira zvekushandisa uye wachi.Rudzi urwu rwebhatiri idiki muhukuru uye rinogona kushandiswa kuenderera kwemakore akati wandei.Pamusoro pezvo, promethium inoshandiswawo mune inotakurika X-ray chiridzwa, kugadzirira phosphor, ukobvu kuyerwa uye bhekoni mwenje.
6
Samarium (Sm)
Metal samarium (mepu yedata)
Sm yakareruka yero, uye ndiyo mbishi yeSm-Co magineti echigarire, uye Sm-Co magineti ndiyo yekutanga isingawanzo gineti yepasi inoshandiswa muindasitiri.Kune marudzi maviri echigarire magineti: SmCo5 system uye Sm2Co17 system.Mukutanga kwema1970, iyo SmCo5 system yakagadzirwa, uye iyo Sm2Co17 system yakagadzirwa munguva yakazotevera.Zvino kudiwa kwekupedzisira kunopihwa pekutanga.Kuchena kwesamarium oxide inoshandiswa musamarium cobalt magineti haifanire kunge yakanyanya kukwirira.Tichifunga nezve mutengo, Kunyanya kushandisa inenge 95% yezvigadzirwa.Mukuwedzera, samarium oxide inoshandiswawo mu ceramic capacitors uye catalysts.Uye zvakare, samarium ine zvivakwa zvenyukireya, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa sezvimiro zvekugadzira, zvidziviriro zvekudzivirira uye zvekudzora zvinhu zveatomu simba reactor, kuti simba rakakura rinogadzirwa nenyukireya fission rigone kushandiswa zvakachengeteka.
7
Europium (Eu)
Europium oxide poda (mepu yedata)
Europium oxide inonyanya kushandiswa ku phosphors (mepu yedata)
Muna 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay akawana chinhu chitsva kubva ku "samarium", inonzi Europium.Izvi zvichida zita rezwi rokuti Europe.Europium oxide inonyanya kushandiswa kune fluorescent powder.Eu3 + inoshandiswa se activator ye red phosphor, uye Eu2 + inoshandiswa seblue phosphor.Iye zvino Y2O2S:Eu3+ ndiyo yakanakisa phosphor mukupenya kujeka, kugadzikana kwekupfeka uye kudzoreredza mutengo.Pamusoro pezvo, iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwakadai sekuvandudza kupenya kwakanaka uye kusiyanisa.Europium oxide yakashandiswawo sekusimudzira emission phosphor kune itsva X-ray yekurapa yekurapa system mumakore achangopfuura.Europium oxide inogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzira lenzi ane mavara uye mafirita emaziso, kune magineti bubble kuchengetedza zvishandiso, Inogona zvakare kuratidza matarenda ayo muzvinhu zvekudzora, zvekudzivirira uye zvimiro zveatomu reactor.
8
Gadolinium (Gd)
Gadolinium nemaisotopes ayo ndiwo anonyanya kushanda neutron absorbers uye anogona kushandiswa se inhibitors ye nuclear reactors.(mepu yedata)
(1) Yayo mvura-soluble paramagnetic complex inogona kuvandudza iyo NMR yekufungidzira chiratidzo chemuviri wemunhu mukurapwa.
(2) Sulfur oxide yayo inogona kushandiswa sematrix grid ye oscilloscope chubhu uye X-ray skrini ine kupenya kwakakosha.
(3) Gadolinium muGadolinium Gallium Garnet ndiyo yakanakira imwe substrate yebubble memory.
(4) Inogona kushandiswa seyakasimba magineti firiji yepakati pasina Camot kutenderera kurambidzwa.
(5) Inoshandiswa se inhibitor kudzora ketani yekuita nhanho yezvidyarwa zvemagetsi enyukireya kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwenyukireya.
(6) Inoshandiswa sekuwedzera kwesamarium cobalt magineti kuona kuti kuita hakuchinje nekupisa.
9
Terbium (Tb)
Terbium oxide poda (mepu yedata)
Kushandiswa kweterbium kunonyanya kusanganisira iyo yepamusoro-tech ndima, inova yekucheka-kumucheto purojekiti ine tekinoroji-yakanyanya uye ruzivo-yakawanda, pamwe nepurojekiti ine zvinoshamisa mabhenefiti ehupfumi, ine inoyevedza budiriro tarisiro.
(1) Phosphors inoshandiswa se activator ye green powder mu tricolor phosphors, yakadai se terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix uye terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, iyo yose inobudisa chiedza chegirini mumamiriro emufaro.
(2) Magneto-optical kuchengetedza zvinhu.Mumakore achangopfuura, terbium magneto-optical zvinhu zvasvika pachiyero chekugadzirwa kwakawanda.Magneto-optical discs akagadzirwa neTb-Fe amorphous mafirimu anoshandiswa semakomputa ekuchengetedza zvinhu, uye simba rekuchengetedza rinowedzerwa ne10 ~ 15 nguva.
(3) Magneto-optical girazi, terbium-ine Faraday rotatory girazi ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira rotator, isolators uye annulators ayo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu laser tekinoroji.Kunyanya, kuvandudzwa kweTerFenol kwakavhura shanduro itsva yeTerfenol, inova chinhu chitsva chakawanikwa muma1970.Hafu yeiyi alloy ine terbium nedysprosium, dzimwe nguva ine holmium uye yasara isimbi. Iyo alloy yakatanga kugadzirwa neAmes Laboratory muIowa, USA.Kana Terfenol yaiswa mundima yemagineti, saizi yayo inochinja kupfuura yeyakajairika magineti zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti mamwe machanya ekufamba agoneke.Terbium dysprosium iron inonyanya kushandiswa mu sonar pakutanga, uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakawanda panguva ino.Kubva kune mafuta jekiseni system, liquid valve control, micro-positioning, kune mechanical actuators, maitiro uye mapapiro ekugadzirisa materesikopu emhepo.
10
Dy (Dy)
Metal dysprosium (mepu yedata)
(1) Sekuwedzera kweNdFeB magineti echigarire, kuwedzera nezve 2 ~ 3% dysprosium kune iyi magineti inogona kuvandudza simba rayo rekumanikidza.Munguva yakapfuura, kudiwa kwedysprosium kwanga kusiri kukuru, asi nekuwedzera kudiwa kwemagineti eNdFeB, yakava chinhu chinodiwa chekuwedzera, uye giredhi rinofanira kunge riri 95 ~ 99.9%, uye kudiwa kwakawedzera nekukurumidza.
(2) Dysprosium inoshandiswa se activator ye phosphor.Trivalent dysprosium inovimbisa activate ion yezvinhu zve tricolor luminescent ine imwechete luminescent centre.Iyo inonyanya kuve nemabhendi maviri ekuburitsa, imwe ndeyeyero mwenje emission, imwe yebhuruu mwenje emission.Iyo luminescent zvinhu zvakaiswa nedysprosium zvinogona kushandiswa se tricolor phosphors.
(3) Dysprosium inodiwa simbi mbishi zvinhu kugadzirira Terfenol alloy mune magnetostrictive alloy, iyo inogona kuona zvimwe chaizvo zviitiko zvemuchina kufamba.(4) Dysprosium simbi inogona kushandiswa semagineti-optical yekuchengetedza zvinhu ine yakakwirira yekurekodha kumhanya uye kuverenga kwekunzwa.
(5) Inoshandiswa mukugadzirira mwenje yedysprosium, chinhu chinoshanda chinoshandiswa mumarambi edysprosium dysprosium iodide, ine zvakanakira kupenya kwepamusoro, ruvara rwakanaka, kupisa kwemavara emhando yepamusoro, diki diki, yakagadzikana arc zvichingodaro, uye yakashandiswa. senzvimbo yekuvhenekesa yefirimu nekudhinda.
(6) Dysprosium inoshandiswa kuyera neutron energy spectrum kana seneutron absorber muatomic energy industry nekuda kwehombe yayo neutron capture cross-sectional area.
(7)Dy3Al5O12 inogona zvakare kushandiswa semagineti inoshanda chinhu kune magineti firiji.Nekuvandudzwa kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, nzvimbo dzekushandisa dzedysprosium dzicharamba dzichiwedzerwa uye nekuwedzerwa.
11
Holmium (Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy (mepu yedata)
Parizvino, munda wekushandisa wesimbi unoda kuwedzererwa, uye kushandiswa hakusi kukuru.Munguva pfupi yapfuura, iyo Rare Earth Research Institute yeBaotou Steel yakatora tekinoroji yepamusoro uye yakakwira vacuum distillation yekuchenesa tekinoroji, uye yakagadzira yakakwirira kuchena simbi Qin Ho/> RE> 99.9% ine yakaderera yemukati yepasi isingawanzo tsvina.
Parizvino, kushandiswa kukuru kwekiyi ndiko:
(1) Sekuwedzera kwerambi resimbi halogen, mwenje wesimbi halogen imhando yemwenje yekuburitsa gasi, iyo inogadzirwa pahwaro hwe-high-pressure mercury rambi, uye chimiro chayo ndechekuti girobhu rinozadzwa neakasiyana-siyana asingawanzo pasi halides.Parizvino, zvisingawanzo pasi iodides inonyanya kushandiswa, iyo inoburitsa mitsetse yakasiyana-siyana kana gasi rinobuda.Chinhu chinoshanda chinoshandiswa murambi resimbi ndeye qiniodide, Yakakwira maatomu esimbi inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo yearc, nekudaro ichivandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwemwaranzi.
(2) Simbi inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera kurekodha iron kana bhiriyoni yealuminium garnet
(3) Khin-doped aruminiyamu garnet (Ho: YAG) inogona kuburitsa 2um laser, uye mwero wekunyudzwa we2um laser nematissue emunhu wakakwira, ingangoita matatu maodha ehukuru akakwira kupfuura ayo eHd: YAG.Naizvozvo, kana uchishandisa Ho: YAG laser yekurapa kwekurapa, haingogone kuvandudza mashandiro ekushanda uye kurongeka, asi zvakare kuderedza nzvimbo yekukuvara kwekupisa kusvika padiki saizi.Iyo yemahara danda inogadzirwa neiyo lock crystal inogona kubvisa mafuta pasina kuunza kupisa kwakanyanya, Kuti uderedze kukuvadza kwemafuta kune hutano tishu, zvinonzi w-laser kurapwa kweglaucoma muUnited States kunogona kuderedza marwadzo ekuvhiya. ye2um laser crystal muChina yasvika padanho repasi rose, saka zvakafanira kuvandudza uye kugadzira iyi mhando yelaser crystal.
(4) Huwandu hudiki hweCr hunogonawo kuwedzerwa mune magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D kudzikisa yekunze munda unodiwa kune saturation magnetization.
(5) Mukuwedzera, iron doped fiber inogona kushandiswa kugadzira fiber laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor uye mamwe maoptical communication madivayiri, ayo achaita basa rakakosha mune yanhasi inokurumidza optical fiber kutaurirana.
12
Erbium (ER)
Erbium oxide poda (chati yeruzivo)
(1) Kubuda kwechiedza kweEr3 + pa1550nm kune kukosha kwakakosha, nekuti iyi wavelength inowanikwa pakurasikirwa kwakaderera kwefiber optical mu optical fiber communication.Mushure mekufadzwa ne 980nm uye 1480nm chiedza, iyo bait ion (Er3 +) inofamba kubva pasi pasi 4115 / 2 kusvika kune yakakwirira-simba simba 4I13 / 2. Apo Er3 + mu-high-energy state inoshandura kudzokera kumamiriro epasi, inoburitsa 1550nm chiedza.Quartz fiber inogona kufambisa mwenje weavelengths akasiyana,Zvisinei, iyo optical attenuation rate ye1550nm bhendi ndiyo yakadzikira (0.15 dB/km), inova inenge yakaderera muganho wekudzivirira. iyo inoshandiswa sechiedza chechiratidzo pa 1550 nm. Nenzira iyi, kana kusanganiswa kwakakodzera kwebheti kwakasanganiswa mumatrix akakodzera, amplifier inogona kubhadhara kurasikirwa muhurongwa hwekutaurirana maererano nelaser musimboti, naizvozvo, mune telecommunication network iyo. inoda kukwidziridza 1550nm optical siginecha, chirauro doped fiber amplifier chinhu chakakosha chemaziso.Parizvino, bait doped silica fiber amplifier yave ichitengeswa.Inoshumwa kuti kuitira kuti udzivise kushandiswa kusina maturo, iyo doped yakawanda mu optical fiber inosvika makumi kusvika kumazana e ppm.Kukurumidzira kukura kwe optical fiber communication ichazarura minda mitsva yekushandisa. .
(2) (2) Uye zvakare, iyo chirauro doped laser crystal uye yakabuda 1730nm laser uye 1550nm laser yakachengeteka kumaziso evanhu, yakanaka yemhepo yekufambisa kuita, kugona kwakasimba kwekupinda kuhondo yeutsi, kuchengetedzeka kwakanaka, hazvisi nyore kuonekwa ne muvengi, uye musiyano wemwaranzi yezvinangwa zvehondo yakakura.Yakagadzirwa kuita inotakurika laser rangefinder iyo yakachengeteka kumaziso evanhu mukushandiswa kwechiuto.
(3) (3) Er3 + inogona kuwedzerwa mugirazi kugadzira isingawanzo pasi girazi laser zvinhu, iyo yakasimba laser zvinhu ine hombe inobuda pulse simba uye yakanyanya kubuda simba.
(4) Er3 + inogona zvakare kushandiswa seion inoshanda mune isingawanzo pasi pasi upconversion laser zvinhu.
(5) (5) Pamusoro pezvo, chirauro chinogona zvakare kushandiswa pakubvisa ruvara uye kuisa ruvara rwegirazi regirazi uye girazi rekristaro.
13
Thulium (TM)
Mushure mekuvhenekerwa mumagetsi enyukireya, thulium inogadzira isotopu inogona kuburitsa X-ray, iyo inogona kushandiswa seinotakurika X-ray sosi.(Mepu yedata)
(1)TM inoshandiswa semwaranzi sosi yemuchina unotakurika weX-ray.Mushure mekudziridzwa mu nuclear reactor,TMinoburitsa rudzi rweisotopu inogona kuburitsa X-ray, inogona kushandiswa kugadzira chinotakurika cheropa.Rudzi urwu rweradiometer inogona kushandura yu-169 kuitaTM-170 pasi pechiito chepamusoro nepakati danda, uye inopenya X-ray kuti irradiate ropa uye kuderedza masero machena eropa.Ndiwo aya masero machena eropa anokonzera kurambwa kwekuisirwa nhengo, Kuti kuderedze kurambwa kwekutanga kwenhengo.
(2) (2)TMinogona zvakare kushandiswa mukuongororwa kwekiriniki uye kurapwa kwebundu nekuda kwehukama hwayo hwepamusoro kune bundu tishu, rinorema risingawanzo pasi rinoenderana kupfuura chiedza chisingawanzo pasi, kunyanya kubatana kwaYu ndiko kukuru.
(3) (3) Iyo X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (blue) inoshandiswa se activator mu phosphor ye X-ray sensitization skrini kuti iwedzere kunzwisiswa kwemaziso, nokudaro kuderedza kuratidzwa uye kukuvadza kweX-ray kuvanhu × Iyo radiation dose i50%, iyo ine yakakosha inoshanda kukosha mukushandiswa kwekurapa.
(4) (4) Rambi resimbi halide rinogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera mune nyowani yekuvhenekesa sosi.
(5) (5) Tm3 + inogona kuwedzerwa mugirazi kugadzira isingawanzo girazi repasi relaser material, iri solid-state laser material ine hombe inobuda pulse uye yakanyanya kubuda simba.Tm3 + inogonawo kushandiswa seyo activation. yezvisingawanzo pasi upconversion laser zvinhu.
14
Ytterbium (Yb)
Ytterbium simbi (mepu yedata)
(1) Sezvo thermal shielding coating material.Zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti girazi rinogona kuvandudza kusagadzikana kwekuora kwe electrodeposited zinc coating zviri pachena, uye saizi yezviyo zvekuputira negirazi idiki pane yekupfeka isina girazi.
(2) Semagnetostrictive material.Ichi chinhu chine maitiro egiant magnetostriction, kureva, kuwedzera mumagnetic field. The alloy inonyanya kuumbwa negirazi / ferrite alloy uye dysprosium / ferrite alloy, uye chimwe chikamu che manganese chinowedzerwa kugadzira. giant magnetostriction.
(3) Mirror chinhu chinoshandiswa kuyera kudzvanywa.Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti kunzwisiswa kwegirazi chinhu kwakakwira mune calibrated pressure range, iyo inovhura nzira nyowani yekushandisa kwegirazi mukuyerwa kwekumanikidza.
(4) Resin-based kuzadza kwemakomba emolars kutsiva sirivheri amalgam yaiwanzo shandiswa kare.
(5) Nyanzvi dzeJapan dzakabudirira kupedzisa kugadzirira kwegirazi-doped vanadium baht garnet yakamisikidzwa mutsara waveguide laser, iyo yakakosha zvikuru mukusimudzira kwelaser tekinoroji.Uye zvakare, girazi rinoshandiswawo kune fluorescent poda activator, radio ceramics, yemagetsi komputa memory element (magnetic bubble) yekuwedzera, girazi fiber flux uye optical girazi rekuwedzera, nezvimwe.
15
Lutetium (Lu)
Lutetium oxide poda (mepu yedata)
Yttrium lutetium silicate crystal (mepu yedata)
(1) gadzira mamwe alloys akakosha.Semuenzaniso, lutetium aluminium alloy inogona kushandiswa neutron activation analysis.
(2) Yakagadzikana lutetium nuclides inoita basa rinobatsira mukutsemuka kwepetroleum, alkylation, hydrogenation uye polymerization.
(3) Kuwedzerwa kweyttrium iron kana yttrium aluminium garnet kunogona kuvandudza zvimwe zvinhu.
(4) Zvigadzirwa zvemagineti bubble reservoir.
(5) Musanganiswa unoshanda kristaro, lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate, ndeye tekinoroji yemunda wemunyu inotonhora kukura kwekristaro.Maedzo anoratidza kuti lutetium-doped NYAB crystal yakakwirira kune NYAB crystal mu optical uniform uye laser performance.
(6) Zvakaonekwa kuti lutetium inogona kushandiswa mu electrochromic kuratidza uye yakaderera-dimensional molecular semiconductors.Uye zvakare, lutetium inoshandiswawo mune simba bhatiri tekinoroji uye activator ye phosphor.
16
Yttrium (y)
Yttrium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, yttrium aluminium garnet inogona kushandiswa se laser material, yttrium iron garnet inoshandiswa kune microwave teknolojia uye acoustic energy transfer, uye europium-doped yttrium vanadate uye europium-doped yttrium oxide inoshandiswa se phosphors kune mavara eTV.(mepu yedata)
(1) Zvinowedzera zvesimbi uye zvisiri-ferrous alloys.FeCr alloy inowanzo ine 0.5-4% yttrium, iyo inogona kuwedzera kupikisa oxidation uye ductility yezvisimbi zvisina tsvina;Iyo yakazara zvimiro zveMB26 alloy zviri pachena kuti inovandudzwa nekuwedzera yakaringana yttrium-yakapfuma yakasanganiswa isingawanzo pasi, iyo inogona kutsiva imwe yepakati-yakasimba aruminiyamu alloys uye kushandiswa mune zvakasimbiswa zvikamu zvendege.Kuwedzera huwandu hudiki hweiyo yttrium-inopfuma isingawanzo pasi muAl-Zr alloy, Iyo conductivity yeiyo alloy inogona kuvandudzwa;Iyo alloy yakagamuchirwa nemafekitori mazhinji ewaya muChina.Kuwedzera yttrium mumhangura alloy inovandudza conductivity uye simba remagetsi.
(2) Silicon nitride ceramic zvinhu zvine 6% yttrium uye 2% aruminiyamu inogona kushandiswa kugadzira injini zvikamu.
(3) The Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser beam ine simba re400 watts inoshandiswa kuchera, kucheka uye weld zvinhu zvikuru.
(4) Erekitironi maikorosikopu sikirini inoumbwa neY-Al garnet imwe kristaro ine kupenya kwefluorescence kwakakwira, kunyura kwakadzika kwechiedza chakapararira, uye yakanaka yekupisa tembiricha kuramba uye kusamira kwemagetsi.
(5) Yakakwira yttrium structural alloy ine 90% yttrium inogona kushandiswa mundege uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoda kuderera uye kunyungudika kwakakwira.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conductive material, iyo inokwezva kutarisa zvakanyanya panguva ino, yakakosha zvikuru pakugadzirwa kwemafuta emafuta, masero e electrolytic uye magasi sensors anoda high hydrogen solubility.Uye zvakare, yttrium inoshandiswawo seyepamusoro-tembiricha yekupfapfaidza zvinhu, diluent yeatomu reactor mafuta, chinowedzera chekusingaperi magineti zvinhu, uye getter muindasitiri yemagetsi.
17
Scandium (Sc)
Metal scandium (mepu yedata)
Kana ichienzaniswa neyttrium uye lanthanide zvinhu, scandium ine yakanyanya kudiki ionic radius uye yakanyanya kusimba alkalinity yehydroxide.Naizvozvo, kana scandium uye zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvakasanganiswa, scandium inonaya kutanga kana yakarapwa neammonia (kana yakanyanya kunyungudusa alkali), saka inogona kupatsanurwa zviri nyore kubva kune zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi nenzira ye "fractional precipitation".Imwe nzira ndeyokushandisa polarization decomposition ye nitrate yekuparadzanisa.Scandium nitrate ndiyo iri nyore kuparara, nokudaro kuzadzisa chinangwa chekuparadzanisa.
Sc inogona kuwanikwa ne electrolysis.ScCl3, KCl neLiCl zvakanyungudutswa panguva yekucheneswa kwe scandium, uye zingi yakanyungudutswa inoshandiswa se cathode ye electrolysis, kuitira kuti scandium inonaya pazinc electrode, uye ipapo zingi inobuda kuti iwane scandium.Uye zvakare, scandium inodzoreredzwa nyore nyore kana ichigadzira ore kugadzira uranium, thorium uye lanthanide zvinhu.Kudzoreredza kwakazara kweakabatana scandium kubva ku tungsten uye tin ore zvakare imwe yeakakosha manyuko e scandium.Scandium is mainly in trivalent state mukomboni, iyo inogadzirwa nyore nyore muSc2O3 mumhepo uye inorasikirwa nesimbi inopenya uye inoshanduka kuita grey.
Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwe scandium ndeiyi:
(1) Scandium inogona kuita nemvura inopisa kuti ibudise haidrojeni, uye inonyungudika muasidhi, saka inoderedza simba.
(2) Scandium oxide uye hydroxide zvinongova alkaline, asi dota rayo remunyu harigone kugadzikiswa.Scandium chloride ikristaro chena, inonyungudika mumvura uye ine deliquescent mumhepo. (3) Mune metallurgical industry, scandium inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira alloys (additives of alloys) kuvandudza simba, kuoma, kupisa kupisa uye kushanda kwealloys.Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera zvishoma scandium kune simbi yakanyungudutswa inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya zvimiro zvesimbi yakakandwa, nepo kuwedzera diki scandium kualuminium inogona kuvandudza simba rayo uye kupisa kupisa.
(4) Muindasitiri yemagetsi, scandium inogona kushandiswa semichina yakasiyana-siyana semiconductor.Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwe scandium sulfite mune semiconductors kwakwezva kutarisa kumba nekune dzimwe nyika, uye ferrite ine scandium iri kuvimbisa zvakare.kombiyuta magnetic cores.
(5) Muindasitiri yemakemikari, scandium komputa inoshandiswa sedoro dehydrogenation uye dehydration agent, iyo inobudirira inogadzirisa kugadzirwa kwe ethylene uye chlorine kubva kune tsvina hydrochloric acid.
(6) Muindasitiri yegirazi, magirazi akakosha ane scandium anogona kugadzirwa.
(7) Muindasitiri yemagetsi mwenje sosi, scandium nemarambi esodium akagadzirwa nescandium nesodium zvine zvakanakira kushanda kwepamusoro uye neruvara rwakajeka.
(8) Scandium iripo muchimiro che45Sc mune zvakasikwa.Pamusoro pezvo, kune mapfumbamwe eradioactive isotopes eScandium, anoti 40~44Sc uye 46~49Sc.Pakati pavo, 46Sc, setracer, yakashandiswa muindasitiri yemakemikari, metallurgy uye oceanography.Mukurapa, kune vanhu kunze kwenyika vanodzidza vachishandisa 46Sc kurapa gomarara.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-04-2022