Cerium ndiye 'mukoma mukuru' asingapokane mumhuri huru yezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi.Chekutanga, kuwanda kwakazara kwepasi risingawanikwe mugoko i238ppm, ine cerium pa68ppm, inoverengera 28% yehuwandu hwepasi isingawanzo kuumbwa uye kuiswa kwekutanga;Kechipiri, cerium ndiyo yechipiri isingawanzo pasi chinhu chakawanikwa makore mapfumbamwe mushure mekuwanikwa kweyttrium (1794).Kushandiswa kwaro kwakanyanyisa, uye "cerium" haigoneki
Kuwanikwa kweCerium Element
Carl Auer von Welsbach
Cerium yakawanikwa uye yakatumidzwa muna 1803 neGerman Kloppers, weSweden chemist J ö ns Jakob Berzelius, uye weSweden mineralogist Wilhelm Hisinger.Inonzi ceria, uye ore yayo inonzi cerite, mukurangarira Ceres, an asteroid yakawanikwa muna 1801. Kutaura zvazviri, rudzi urwu rwecerium silicate imunyu wehydrated une 66% kusvika 70% cerium, asi mamwe ari masanganiswa e calcium. , simbi, uyeyttrium.
Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwecerium kwaive nzvimbo yemoto yegasi yakagadzirwa neAustria chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach.Muna 1885, akaedza musanganiswa wemagnesium, lanthanum, uye yttrium oxide, asi misanganiswa iyi yakabudisa chiedza chegirini pasina kubudirira.
Muna 1891, akawana kuti thorium oxide yakachena yakabudisa chiedza chiri nani, kunyange zvazvo chaiva chebhuruu, uye chakasanganiswa neCerium (IV) oxide kuti ibudise chiedza chichena.Pamusoro pezvo, Cerium(IV) oxide inogona zvakare kushandiswa sechinhu chinokonzeresa kupisa kwe thorium oxide.
Cerium simbi
★ Cerium i ductile uye yakapfava sirivheri chena simbi ine inoshanda zvinhu.Kana yaiswa kumhepo, inove yakashongedzwa, ichigadzira ngura senge peeling oxide layer.Kana ichipisa, inopisa uye inopindira nokukurumidza nemvura.Sendimita saizi yecerium simbi sampu inoora zvachose mukati megore.Dzivisa kusangana nemhepo, maoxidants akasimba, asidhi yakasimba, uye halogens.
★ Cerium inonyanya kuwanikwa mumonazite uye bastnaesite, pamwe nemufission zvigadzirwa zveuranium, thorium, uye plutonium.Zvinokuvadza kune zvakatipoteredza, kunyanya kukoshesa kunofanira kubhadharwa kune kusvibiswa kwemitumbi yemvura.
★ Cerium ndiyo yechimakumi maviri nenhanhatu kuwanda kwakawanda, inoverengera 68ppm yePasi, yechipiri kune mhangura (68ppm).Cerium yakawanda kupfuura simbi dzakajairwa senge lead (13pm) uye tin (2.1ppm).
Cerium Electron kumisikidza
Zvirongwa zvemagetsi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f1 5d1
★ Cerium inowanikwa mushure me lanthanum uye ine maerekitironi 4f anotangira kubva kucerium, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kutora chikamu mukuita kwemakemikari.Nekudaro, iyo 5d orbital yecerium inogarwa, uye mhedzisiro iyi haina kusimba zvakakwana mucerium.
★ Lanthanide yakawanda inogona kushandisa maerekitironi matatu chete seValence electron, kunze kwecerium, ine shanduko yemagetsi yakasiyana.Simba remaerekitironi e4f rakada kufanana nerekunze 5d uye 6s maerekitironi akabviswa munzvimbo yesimbi, uye ishoma chete simba rinodiwa kushandura kushanda kwesimba remagetsi aya, zvichiita kuti pave nekaviri valence. +3 uye+4.The normal state is+3 valence, kuratidza+4 valence mumvura anaerobic.
Kushandiswa kwecerium
★ Inogona kushandiswa seyekuwedzera alloy uye kugadzirwa kwecerium munyu, nezvimwe.
★ Inogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera kwegirazi kutora ultraviolet uye infrared rays, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muCar glass.
★ Inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chakanakisa chekudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza, uye parizvino mumiriri mukuru ndiye mota inopopotera yekuchenesa catalyst, iyo inodzivirira zvinobudirira huwandu hukuru hwemotokari inopera gasi kubva pakuburitswa mumhepo.
★ Chiedzazvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasiinonyanya kuumbwa necerium sezvo zvinodzora kukura kwechirimwa zvinogona kuvandudza kunaka kwechirimwa, kuwedzera goho, uye kuwedzera kushushikana kwezvirimwa.
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★Cerium(IV) oxideinogona kushandiswa seyakakwenenzverwa, semuenzaniso, muChemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).
★ Cerium inogona zvakare kushandiswa sehydrogen yekuchengetedza zvinhu, thermoelectric zvinhu, cerium tungsten electrodes, Ceramic capacitor, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, mafuta cell raw materials, peturu catalysts, zvachose magineti zvinhu, zvekurapa, akasiyana alloy simbi uye asiri-. simbi dzine simbi.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-03-2023