Holmium, nhamba yeatomu 67, huremu hweatomu 164.93032, zita rechinhu rakatorwa kubva kunzvimbo yekuzvarwa kweakawana.
Zviri mukati meholmiummugoko iri 0.000115%, uye iripo pamwe chete nezvimwezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasimune monazite uye zvisingawanzo pasi zvicherwa.Iyo yakasikwa yakagadzikana isotopu inongova holmium 165.
Holmium yakagadzikana mumhepo yakaoma uye oxidizes nokukurumidza pakupisa kukuru;Holmium oxideinozivikanwa kuve ine yakasimba paramagnetic zvivakwa.
Mushonga weholmium unogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera kune zvitsva zveferromagnetic zvinhu;Holmium iodide inoshandiswa kugadzira marambi esimbi halide -holmium mwenje, uye holmium lasers anoshandiswawo zvakanyanya munharaunda yekurapa.
Discovering History
Yakawanikwa na: JL Soret, PT Cleve
Akawanikwa kubva 1878 kusvika 1879
Discovery process: yakawanikwa naJL Soret muna 1878;Yakawanikwa naPT Cleve muna 1879
Mushure mokunge Mossander aparadzanisa erbium pasi uyeterbiumpasi kubvayttriumMunyika muna 1842, makemikari mazhinji akashandisa spectral ongororo kuona uye kuona kuti akanga asiri maokisidi chaiwo echimwe chinhu, izvo zvakakurudzira vemakemikari kuti varambe vachizviparadzanisa.Mushure mekuparadzanisa ytterbium oxide uyescandium oxidekubva kune oxidized bait, Cliff akaparadzanisa maviri ekutanga elemental oxides muna 1879. Mumwe wavo anonzi Holmium kurangarira kwaakaberekerwa Cliff, zita rekare rechiLatin Holmia muStockholm, Sweden, nechiratidzo chekutanga Ho.Muna 1886, chimwe chinhu chakaparadzaniswa kubva kune holmium neBouvabadrand, asi zita reholmium rakachengetwa.Nekuwanikwa kweholmium nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, imwe nhanho yekuwanikwa kwechitatu kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi yakapedzwa.
Magadzirirwo emagetsi:
Magadzirirwo emagetsi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11
Isimbi iyo, senge dysprosium, inogona kutora manyuturoni anogadzirwa nenyukireya fission.
Mune nyukireya reactor, kune rumwe rutivi, kupisa kunopfuurira kunoitwa, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kukurumidza kwekuita kweketani kunodzorwa.
Element Tsanangudzo: Iyo yekutanga ionization simba i6.02 electron volts.Iine metallic luster.Inogona kuita zvishoma nezvishoma nemvura uye kunyungudika mu dilute acids.Munyu une yellow.Iyo oxide Ho2O2 yakasvibira.Dissolve mumamineral acids kugadzira trivalent ion yellow salt.
Element source: yakagadzirirwa nekudzikisa holmium fluoride HoF3 · 2H2O ine calcium.
Metal
Holmium isimbi chena yesirivha ine nyoro uye ductility;Kunyungudika 1474 ° C, kuvira kunovira 2695 ° C, density 8.7947 g/cm holmium mita ³ .
Holmium yakagadzikana mumhepo yakaoma uye oxidizes nokukurumidza pakupisa kukuru;Holmium oxide inozivikanwa kuve ine yakasimba paramagnetic zvivakwa.
Kuwana makomisheni anogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera kune zvitsva zveferromagnetic zvinhu;Holmium iodide inoshandiswa mukugadzira marambi esimbi halide - holmium mwenje
Application
(1) Sekuwedzera kwemarambi esimbi halide, marambi esimbi imhando yemwenje yekuburitsa gasi yakagadziridzwa pahwaro hwemarambi emercury anodzvanywa, anoonekwa nekuzadza girobhu neakasiyana-siyana asingawanzo pasi halides.Parizvino, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye isingawanzo pasi iodide, iyo inoburitsa akasiyana spectral mavara panguva yekubuda gasi.Chinhu chinoshanda chinoshandiswa mumarambi eholmium iodide holmium, inogona kuwana huwandu hwemaatomu esimbi munzvimbo yearc, ichivandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwemwaranzi.
(2) Holmium inogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera kune yttrium iron kana yttrium aluminium garnet.
(3) Ho: YAG doped yttrium aluminium garnet inogona kuburitsa 2 μ M laser, tishu dzevanhu pa 2 μ Kutorwa kwem laser kwakakwirira, inenge mirairo mitatu yehukuru yakakwirira kupfuura yeHd: YAG.Saka kana uchishandisa Ho: YAG laser yekuvhiyiwa kwekurapa, kwete chete kugona kwekuvhiya uye kurongeka kunogona kuvandudzwa, asiwo nzvimbo yekukuvara kwemafuta inogona kudzikiswa kuita diki saizi.Iyo yemahara danda inogadzirwa neholmium makristasi inogona kubvisa mafuta pasina kuunza kupisa kwakanyanya, nekudaro ichidzikisa kukuvadzwa kwekupisa kune hutano tishu.Zvinonzi holmium laser kurapwa kweglaucoma muUnited States kunogona kuderedza marwadzo evarwere vari kuvhiyiwa.China 2 μ Chiyero chem laser makristasi chasvika pasi rose, uye kuedza kunofanirwa kuitwa kuvandudza uye kuburitsa iyi mhando yelaser crystal.
(4) Mune magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, idiki holmium inogona zvakare kuwedzerwa kudzikisa yekunze munda unodiwa ku saturation magnetization yealloy.
(5) Kushandiswa kweholmium doped fiber kunogona kugadzira michina yekukurukurirana yemagetsi yakadai sefiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, uye fiber sensors, iyo ichaita basa rakakosha mukukura nokukurumidza kwefiber optic communication nhasi.
(6) Holmium laser lithotripsy tekinoroji: Medical holmium laser lithotripsy inokodzera matombo akaomarara eitsvo, ureteral matombo, uye dundira matombo asingagone kutyorwa ne extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.Paunenge uchishandisa zvekurapa holmium laser lithotripsy, iyo yakatetepa fiber yekurapa holmium laser inoshandiswa kusvika yakananga dundira, ureter, uye matombo eitsvo kuburikidza neurethra uye ureter kuburikidza necystoscope uye ureteroscope.Zvadaro, nyanzvi dzeurology dzinoshandisa holmium laser kuputsa matombo.Kubatsira kweiyi holmium laser kurapwa nzira ndeyekuti inogona kugadzirisa ureteral matombo, dundira matombo, uye mazhinji eitsvo matombo.Izvo zvakashata ndezvekuti kune mamwe matombo ari kumusoro uye kuzasi renal calices, panogona kunge paine mashoma ematombo asara nekuda kwekutadza kweholmium laser fiber inopinda kubva muureter kusvika panzvimbo yedombo.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-16-2023