Praseodymiumndiyo yechitatu yakanyanya kuwanda kwelanthanide element muperiodic table yemakemikari elements, ine huzhinji hwe9.5 ppm mucrust, chete yakaderera pane.cerium, yttrium,lanthanum,uyescandium.Chinhu chechishanu chakanyanya kuwanda munyika isingawanzoitiki.Asi kungofanana nezita rake,praseodymiuminhengo yakapfava uye isina kushongedzwa yemhuri isingawanzoitiki.
CF Auer Von Welsbach akawana praseodymium muna 1885.
Muna 1751, muSweden mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt akawana chicherwa chinorema munzvimbo yemugodhi yeBastn äs, iyo yakazonzi cerite.Makore makumi matatu gare gare, Vilhelm Hisinger ane makore gumi namashanu kubva kumhuri yaive muridzi wemugodhi akatumira sampuli dzake kuna Carl Scheele, asi haana kuwana zvinhu zvitsva.Muna 1803, mushure mekunge Singer ave mupfuri wesimbi, akadzokera kunzvimbo yemigodhi naJ ö ns Jacob Berzelius uye akaparadzanisa oxide itsva, iyo dwarf planet Ceres, yavakawana makore maviri apfuura.Ceria akaparadzaniswa akazvimirira naMartin Heinrich Klaproth kuGermany.
Pakati pa1839 na1843, chiremba wokuvhiya weSweden uye kemisiti Carl Gustaf Mosander akawana kuticerium oxidewaiva musanganiswa wemaokisi.Akaparadzanisa mamwe maokisi maviri, ayo akadana kuti lanthana uye didymia “didymia” (kureva kuti “mapatya” muchiGiriki).Akaora zvishomacerium nitratesampuli nekuigocha mumhepo, uye wozoibata ne dilute nitric acid kuti iwane oxide.Masimbi anoumba maokisisa aya anopihwa mazitalanthanumuyepraseodymium.
Muna 1885, CF Auer Von Welsbach, wekuAustria akagadzira thorium cerium vapor lamp gauze cover, akabudirira kupatsanura "praseodymium neodymium", "mapatya akabatana", kubva pairi munyu wepraseodymium munyu uye neodymium munyu wakaparadzaniswa zvinhu zviviri zvitsva.Imwe inonzi "Praseodymium", inobva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti prason, rinoreva musanganiswa wegirinhi nokuti mushonga wemvura yemunyu we praseodymium ucharatidza ruvara rwakasvibira rwakajeka;Chimwe chinhu chinonzi "Neodymium“.Kuparadzaniswa kwakabudirira kwe "mapatya akabatanidzwa" kwakavagonesa kuratidza matarenda avo vakazvimirira.
Sirivha chena simbi, yakapfava uye ductile.Praseodymium ine hexagonal crystal chimiro pane tembiricha yekamuri.Kudzivirirwa kwekuora mumhepo kwakasimba kupfuura iyo yelanthanum, cerium, neodymium, uye europium, asi kana yaiswa mumhepo, dhizaini yeasina kusimba oxide inogadzirwa, uye imwe centimita saizi yepraseodymium metal sample inoora zvachose mukati megore.
Sezvakawandazvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, praseodymium inonyanya kuumba a+3 oxidation state, inova iyo chete yakagadzikana mamiriro ekugadzirisa aqueous.Praseodymium iripo mu+4 oxidation state mune mamwe anozivikanwa makomisheni akasimba, uye pasi pemamiriro ekuparadzaniswa kwematrix, inogona kusvika kune yakasarudzika + 5 oxidation mamiriro pakati pelanthanide zvinhu.
Iyo aqueous praseodymium ion is chartreuse, uye akawanda maindasitiri anoshandiswa epraseodymium anosanganisira kugona kwayo kusefa yero mwenje mumwenje masosi.
Praseodymium electronic layout
Electronic emissions:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
Maerekitironi makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe epraseodymium akarongwa se [Xe] 4f36s2.Tichifunga, maerekitironi mashanu ekunze anogona kushandiswa seerekitironi yevalence, asi kushandiswa kwemaerekitironi mashanu ekunze kunoda mamiriro akanyanya.Kazhinji, praseodymium inongoburitsa maerekitironi matatu kana mana mumakomponi ayo.Praseodymium ndiyo yekutanga lanthanide chinhu chine gadziriso yemagetsi inoenderana neiyo Aufbau musimboti.Yayo 4f orbital ine simba rakaderera pane 5d orbital, iyo isingashandisi kune lanthanum uye cerium, sezvo kamwe-kamwe kuputika kwe4f orbital hakuitike kusvikira mushure me lanthanum uye haina kukwana kudzivisa kutora 5d shell mu cerium.Zvakangodaro, yakasimba praseodymium inoratidza [Xe] 4f25d16s2 kumisikidzwa, apo erekitironi imwe mu5d shell inofanana nezvimwe zvese trivalent lanthanide element (kunze kweeuropium uye ytterbium, ayo akasiyana mune esimbi nyika).
Sezvizhinji zvelanthanide element, praseodymium inowanzoshandisa maerekitironi matatu chete sevalence electron, uye maerekitironi e4f asara ane simba rekubatanidza: izvi zvinodaro nekuti 4f orbit inopfuura nepakati inert xenon core ye electron kuti isvike nucleus, ichiteverwa ne5d ne6s. , uye inowedzera nekuwedzera kweionic charge.Zvisinei, praseodymium inogona kuramba ichirasikirwa neyechina uye kunyange apo neapo kerekitironi yechishanu yevalence, nekuti inoonekwa kare kare muhurongwa hwelanthanide, uko kuchaja kwenyukireya kuchiri kuderera zvakakwana, uye 4f subshell simba rakakwirira zvakakwana kubvumira kubviswa kwe. more valence electron.
Praseodymium uye ese lanthanide zvinhu (kunzelanthanum, ytterbiumuyelutetium, hapana maerekitironi asina kugadzirwa e4f) ari paramagnetism pane tembiricha yemumba.Kusiyana nemamwe masimbi epasi asingawanzo anoratidza antiferromagnetic kana ferromagnetic kurongeka pane yakaderera tembiricha, praseodymium is paramagnetism patembiricha dzese dziri pamusoro pe1K.
Kushandiswa kwePraseodymium
Praseodymium inonyanya kushandiswa muchimiro chevhu rakasanganiswa risingawanzo, senge sekuchenesa uye kugadzirisa mumiriri wezvinhu zvesimbi, zvinokonzeresa makemikari, zvekurima zvisingawanzo pasi, zvichingodaro.Praseodymium neodymiumndiyo yakanyanya kufanana uye yakaoma kupatsanura peya yezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi, izvo zvakaoma kupatsanura nenzira dzemakemikari.Kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kunowanzo shandisa nzira dzekubvisa uye ion dzekuchinjana.Kana akashandiswa ari maviri maviri muchimiro cheyakafumiswa praseodymium neodymium, kufanana kwavo kunogona kushandiswa zvizere, uye mutengo zvakare wakachipa pane chimwe chinhu zvigadzirwa.
Praseodymium neodymium alloy(praseodymium neodymium simbi)chave chigadzirwa chakazvimiririra, chinogona kushandiswa sezvese zviri zviviri zvechigarire magineti uye chigadziriso chekuwedzera kune asiri-ferrous simbi alloys.Chiitiko, kusarudza uye kugadzikana kwepetroleum cracking catalyst inogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera praseodymium neodymium concentrate muY zeolite molecular sieve.Sekuwedzera kwepurasitiki yekugadziridza, kuwedzera praseodymium neodymium enrichment kune polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kusagadzikana kwekupfeka kwePTFE.
Rare pasizvechigarire magineti zvinhu ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa ndima yezvisingawanzo pasi maapplication nhasi.Praseodymium yega haina kusimira sechigarire magineti zvinhu, asi yakanakisa synergistic chinhu chinogona kuvandudza magineti.Kuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwepraseodymium kunogona kunyatso kuvandudza mashandiro echigarire magineti zvinhu.Inogona zvakare kuvandudza iyo antioxidant performance (air corrosion resistance) uye mechaniki zvivakwa zvemagineti, uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mumhando dzakasiyana dzemagetsi uye mota.
Praseodymium inogonawo kushandiswa kukuya uye kupukuta zvinhu.Sezvatinoziva tose, pure cerium based polishing powder inowanzoreruka yero, inova yemhando yepamusoro yekupolisha zvinhu zvegirazi remaziso, uye yakatsiva iron oxide poda tsvuku ine kukwenenzverwa kwakaderera uye inosvibisa nharaunda yekugadzira.Vanhu vakaona kuti praseodymium ine yakanaka yekupukuta zvivakwa.Rare earth polishing powder ine praseodymium ichaonekwa yakatsvuka tsvuku, inozivikanwawo se "red powder", asi iyi ruvara rutsvuku haisi iron oxide tsvuku, asi nekuda kwekuvapo kwepraseodymium oxide, ruvara rwepasi isingawanzoitiki poda inopenya inova yakasviba.Praseodymium yakashandiswawo sechinhu chitsva chekukuya kugadzira corundum inokuya mavhiri ane praseodymium.Kuenzaniswa newhite alumina, kushanda nesimba uye kusimba kunogona kuvandudzwa neinopfuura 30% pakukuya kabhoni structural simbi, Stainless simbi, uye yakakwirira-tembiricha alloys.Kuti uderedze mitengo, praseodymium neodymium enriched materials yaiwanzo shandiswa seyakagadzirwa kare, saka zita rekuti praseodymium neodymium corundum grinding vhiri.
Silicate crystals doped with praseodymium ions akashandiswa kuderedza chiedza chemagetsi kusvika kumazana emamita pasekondi.
Kuwedzera praseodymium oxide kune zirconium silicate inopenya yero uye inogona kushandiswa seceramic pigment - praseodymium yero.Praseodymium yero (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) inoonekwa seyakanakisa yero ceramic pigment, iyo inoramba yakagadzikana kusvika ku1000 ℃ uye inogona kushandiswa kwenguva imwe chete kana kutsva maitiro.
Praseodymium inoshandiswawo segirazi colorant, ine mavara akapfuma uye yakakura inogona musika.Praseodymium girini girazi zvigadzirwa zvine kupenya leek girini uye scallion girinhi mavara anogona kugadzirwa, ayo anogona kushandiswa kugadzira egirinhi mafirita uye zvakare kune ehunyanzvi uye girazi rehunyanzvi.Kuwedzera praseodymium oxide uye cerium oxide kugirazi inogona kushandiswa semagirazi ekushivirira.Praseodymium sulfide inogona zvakare kushandiswa seyakasvibira epurasitiki colorant.
Nguva yekutumira: May-29-2023