Nhamba yeatomu yethulium elementi69 uye huremu hwayo hweatomu i168.93421.Zviri muukuru hwepasi zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zve100000, chinova chinhu chidiki-diki pakati pezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki.Iyo inonyanya kuwanikwa mu silico beryllium yttrium ore, dema isingawanzo pasi goridhe ore, phosphorus yttrium ore, uye monazite.Chikamu chikuru chezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi mumonazite chinowanzosvika pa50%, uye thulium inoverengera 0.007%.Iyo yakasikwa yakagadzikana isotopu inongova thulium 169. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu-high-intensity power generation light sources, lasers, high-temperature superconductors, uye mamwe minda.
Discovering History
Yakawanikwa na: PT Cleve
Yakawanikwa muna 1878
Mushure mekunge Mossander aparadzanisa erbium pasi uye terbium pasi kubva kuyttrium pasi muna 1842, vemakemikari mazhinji vakashandisa spectral ongororo kuona uye kuona kuti aive asiri maokisidi akachena echimwe chinhu, izvo zvakakurudzira vemakemikari kuti varambe vachizviparadzanisa.Mushure mekuparadzanaytterbium oxideuyescandium oxidekubva kune chirauro chine oxidized, Cliff akapatsanura maviri matsva elemental oxides muna 1879. Imwe yadzo yakanzi thulium kurangarira kumusha kwaCliff muScandinavian Peninsula (Thulia), nechiratidzo chechiratidzo Tu uye ikozvino Tm.Nekuwanikwa kwethulium uye zvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, imwe hafu yechikamu chechitatu chekuwanikwa kwechinhu chisingawanikwe chepasi chakapedzwa.
Electron configuration
Electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13
Thuliumisimbi chena yesirivha ine ductility uye inogona kuchekwa yakavhurika nebanga nekuda kwekunyorova kwayo;Kunyungudika 1545 ° C, kuvira 1947 ° C, density 9.3208.
Thulium inenge yakagadzikana mumhepo;Thulium oxideikristaro yakasvibira yakareruka.Munyu (divalent munyu) oxides ese akasvibira muruvara.
Application
Kunyangwe thulium iri kushoma uye inodhura, ichine mamwe maapplication muminda yakakosha.
High intensity discharge light source
Thulium inowanzopinzwa mumhando dzechiedza chepamusoro-soro muchimiro chepamusoro-purity halides (kazhinji thulium bromide), nechinangwa chekushandisa spectrum ye thulium.
Laser
Three doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Ho: Cr: Tm: YAG) yakasimba-state pulse laser inogona kugadzirwa nekushandisa thulium ion, chromium ion, uye holmium ion mu yttrium aluminium garnet, iyo inogona kuburitsa wavelength ye2097 nm;Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumauto, zvekurapa, uye meteorological minda.Urefu hwelaser inoburitswa ne thulium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Tm: YAG) solid-state pulse laser inotangira pa1930 nm kusvika 2040 nm.Ablation pamusoro pematishu inoshanda zvikuru, sezvo ichigona kudzivirira kugwamba kubva pakudzika zvakanyanya mumhepo nemumvura.Izvi zvinoita kuti thulium lasers ive neyakakura mukana wekushandisa mukuvhiya kwelaser.Thulium laser inoshanda zvakanyanya mukubvisa matishu pasi nekuda kwesimba rayo rakaderera uye simba rinopinda mukati, uye inogona kugwadama pasina kukonzera maronda akadzika.Izvi zvinoita kuti thulium lasers ive neyakakura mukana wekushandisa mukuvhiya laser
Thulium doped laser
X-ray source
Zvisinei nemutengo wakakwira, michina yeX-ray inotakurika ine thulium yatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya semanyuko emwaranzi mukuita kwenyukireya.Aya masosi emwaranzi ane hupenyu hunosvika gore uye anogona kushandiswa semidziyo yekurapa uye yemazino ekuongorora, pamwe nematurusi ekuona akaremara emagetsi uye emagetsi zvinhu zvinonetsa kusvika nevanhu.Aya masosi emwaranzi haadi kuchengetedzwa kwakakosha kwemwaranzi - mutobvu mudiki chete unodiwa.Kushandiswa kwe thulium 170 senzvimbo yemwaranzi yekurapwa kwegomarara iri pedyo kuri kuramba kuchipararira.Isotopu iyi ine hafu yeupenyu hwemazuva 128.6 uye mitsetse mishanu yekubuda kwesimba rakakura (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, uye 84.253 kiloelectron volts).Thulium 170 zvakare ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa maindasitiri emwaranzi masosi.
High tembiricha superconducting zvinhu
Zvakafanana neyttrium, thulium inoshandiswawo mune yakakwirira-tembiricha superconductors.Thulium ine mukana wekushandisa kukosha muferrite seceramic magnetic material inoshandiswa mumichina yemicrowave.Nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakasiyana, thulium inogona kuiswa kune arc mwenje mwenje se scandium, uye mwenje wegirini unoburitswa nearc mwenje uchishandisa thulium haufukidzwe nemitsetse yezvimwe zvinhu.Nekuda kwekugona kwayo kuburitsa blue fluorescence pasi pe ultraviolet mwaranzi, thulium inoshandiswawo seimwe yezviratidzo zvekunyepedzera mueuro banknotes.Iyo yebhuruu fluorescence inoburitswa necalcium sulfate yakawedzerwa nethulium inoshandiswa mumunhu dosimetry yekuona dhigirii remwaranzi.
Mamwe maapplication
Nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakasiyana, thulium inogona kuiswa mukuvhenekesa kwearc senge scandium, uye mwenje wegirini unoburitswa nemarambi earc ane thulium haufukidzwe nemitsetse yezvimwe zvinhu.
Thulium inoburitsa blue fluorescence pasi pe ultraviolet mwaranzi, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yeanopesana nekunyepera zviratidzo mumabhangi eeuro.
Euro pasi pe UV irradiation, ine yakajeka anti-yekunyepedzera mamaki anooneka
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-25-2023