Rare ivhu,inozivikanwa se "pfuma" yezvinhu zvitsva, sechinhu chakakosha chinoshanda, inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kunaka uye kushanda kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa, uye inozivikanwa se "vitamini" yeindasitiri yemazuva ano.Iwo haangoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri echinyakare akadai sesimbi, petrochemicals, girazi ceramics, makushe anoruka, matehwe, uye zvekurima, asi zvakare anoita basa rinokosha muzvinhu zvakaita sefluorescence, magnetism, laser, fiber optic kutaurirana, hydrogen kuchengetedza simba, superconductivity, nezvimwe, Inobata zvakananga kumhanya uye nhanho yekusimudzira kwemaindasitiri epamusoro-tech akadai semidziyo yemaziso, zvemagetsi, aerospace, uye indasitiri yenyukireya.Aya matekinoroji akashandiswa zvinobudirira mune zvemauto tekinoroji, achikurudzira zvikuru kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemauto emazuva ano.
Basa rinokosha rakaitwa narare pasizvinhu zvitsva muruzivo rwechiuto chemazuva ano zvakwezva kutariswa kwepamusoro kubva kuhurumende nenyanzvi dzenyika dzakasiyana siyana, sekunyorwa sechinhu chakakosha mukusimudzirwa kwemaindasitiri epamusoro-soro uye tekinoroji yemauto nemadhipatimendi akakodzera enyika dzakaita seUnited States neJapan.
Nhanganyaya Pfupi yeRare Earths uye Hukama Hwavo nemauto uye National Defense
Kunyatsotaura, zvese zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvine zvimwe zvekushandisa zvechiuto, asi iro rakanyanya kukosha basa ravanoita mukudzivirira nyika uye nhandare dzemauto dzinofanirwa kunge dziri mumashandisirwo akaita senge laser inotangira, laser kutungamira, uye laser kutaurirana.
Kushandiswa kwerare pasisimbi uyerare pasiductile iron mune zvemazuva ano zvemauto tekinoroji
1.1 Kushandiswa kweRare EarthSimbi mune Yemazuvano Military Technology
Basa racho rinosanganisira zvinhu zviviri: kucheneswa uye kusanganiswa, kunyanya desulfurization, deoxidation, uye kubviswa kwegesi, kubvisa kukanganiswa kwepasi kunyunguduka tsvina inokuvadza, kunatsa zviyo uye chimiro, kunokanganisa chikamu chekushandura kwesimbi, nekuvandudza kuoma kwayo uye michina.Mauto sainzi nevashandi vetekinoroji vakagadzira zvinhu zvakawanda zvisingawanzo pasi zvakakodzera kushandiswa muzvombo nekushandisa zvivakwa zve.rare pasi.
1.1.1 Simbi yezvombo
Kare ma1960 ekutanga, indasitiri yezvombo yeChina yakatanga kutsvagisa mashandisirwo epasi risingawanzo musimbi yezvombo uye pfuti simbi, ndokugadzirwa zvakatevedzana.rare pasisimbi yezvombo yakaita se601, 603, uye 623, ichiunza nguva itsva yezvinhu zvakakosha zvekugadzira matangi muChina zvichibva pakugadzirwa kwemumba.
1.1.2Rare pasicarbon steel
Pakati pema1960, China yakawedzera 0.05%rare pasizvinhu kune imwe yemhando yepamusoro kabhoni simbi kugadzirarare pasicarbon steel.Iko lateral kukanganisa kukosha kweiyi isingawanzo simbi yepasi inowedzerwa ne70% kusvika 100% zvichienzaniswa neyekutanga kabhoni simbi, uye kukosha kwekukanganisa pa -40 ℃ kunoda kupetwa kaviri.Iyo hombe-diameter cartridge kesi yakagadzirwa nesimbi iyi yakaratidza kuburikidza nekupfura bvunzo munzvimbo yekupfura kuti isangane zvizere nehunyanzvi zvinodiwa.Parizvino, China yakapedzisa nekuiisa mukugadzirwa, ichiziva chishuwo cheChina chenguva refu chekutsiva mhangura nesimbi mune katuriji zvinhu.
1.1.3 Rare Earth high manganese simbi uye isingawanzo simbi yakakandwa pasi
Rare pasihigh manganese simbi inoshandiswa kugadzira tangi track plates, ukurare pasisimbi yakakandwa inoshandiswa kugadzira mapapiro emuswe, mabhureki emuzzle, uye artillery structural components for high-speed shell piering shells.Izvi zvinogona kudzikisa matanho ekugadzirisa, kuvandudza kushandiswa kwesimbi, uye kuwana tactical uye tekinoroji zviratidzo.
1.2 Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Nodular Cast Iron mune Yemazuvano Military Technology
Kare, China's front chamber projectile materials yakagadzirwa nehafu-yakasimba yakakandwa simbi yakagadzirwa nemhando yepamusoro yenguruve iron yakasanganiswa ne30% kusvika 40% zvimedu zvesimbi.Nekuda kwesimba rayo rakaderera, brittleness yakakwira, kudzika uye kusapinza kunobudirira kupatsanurwa mushure mekuputika, uye simba rekuuraya risina simba, kuvandudzwa kwemakamuri ekumberi kwekamuri yakaganhurwa.Kubva 1963, magororo akasiyana-siyana ematehwe evhu akagadzirwa achishandisa isingawanzo pasi ductile iron, iyo yakawedzera michina yavo neka 1-2 nguva, yakawedzera huwandu hwezvimedu zvinoshanda, uye yakarodza mipendero yezvimedu, zvichiwedzera simba ravo rekuuraya.Iyo yekurwa ganda reimwe mhando yekanoni shell uye munda pfuti shell yakagadzirwa nechinhu ichi munyika yedu ine zvishoma zvirinani inoshanda nhamba yekutsemuka uye dense kuuraya radius kupfuura simbi shell.
Kushandiswa kwete-ferrousrare earth alloysenge magnesium nealuminium mune zvemazuva ano tekinoroji yemauto
Rare earthsvane high chemical activity uye hombe atomic radii.Kana yakawedzerwa kune simbi dzisina-ferrous uye alloys dzadzo, dzinogona kunatsiridza saizi yezviyo, kudzivirira kupatsanurwa, kubvisa gasi, kusvibiswa uye kuchenesa, uye kugadzirisa metallographic chimiro, nekudaro kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakazara sekuvandudza michina zvinhu, zvimiro zvemuviri, uye kugadzirisa mashandiro.Vashandi vemumba nevekunze vakashandisa zvivakwa zverare earthskugadzira zvitsvarare pasimagnesium alloys, aruminiyamu alloys, titanium alloys, uye yakakwirira-tembiricha alloys.Zvigadzirwa izvi zvave zvichishandiswa zvakanyanya muhunyanzvi hwechiuto hwemazuva ano senge ndege dzehondo, ndege dzekurova, zvikopokopo, mota dzemuchadenga dzisina kufambiswa, uye masatelliti anokandwa.
2.1Rare pasimagnesium alloy
Rare pasimagnesium alloys ine yakakwira chaiyo simba, inogona kuderedza huremu hwendege, kuvandudza tactical kuita, uye kuve nehupamhi hwekushandisa tarisiro.Therare pasimagnesium alloys yakagadzirwa neChina Aviation Industry Corporation (inozonzi AVIC) inosanganisira angangoita gumi emagiredhi emaginesiamu alloys uye akaremara magnesium alloys, mazhinji ayo akashandiswa mukugadzira uye ane yakagadzikana mhando.Semuenzaniso, ZM 6 yakakanda magnesium alloy ine isingawanzo pasi simbi neodymium sechinhu chikuru chekuwedzera chakawedzerwa kuti chishandiswe muzvikamu zvakakosha senge helikopta kumashure ekudzikisa casings, fighter wing ribs, uye rotor lead pressure plate ye30 kW jenareta.Iyo isingawanzo pasi yakakwirira-yakasimba magnesium alloy BM25 yakabatanidzwa pamwe chete neChina Aviation Corporation uye Nonferrous Metals Corporation yakatsiva mamwe epakati simba aruminiyamu alloys uye yakashandiswa mukukanganisa ndege.
2.2Rare pasititanium alloy
Mukutanga kwema1970, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (inonzi Institute) yakatsiva imwe aruminiyamu nesilicon ne.rare earth metal cerium (Ce) muTi-A1-Mo titanium alloys, inodzikamisa kunaya kwe brittle phases uye kuvandudza alloy yekudzivirira kupisa uye kugadzikana kwekupisa.Pahwaro uhwu, yakakwira-yekuita yakakandwa yakakwirira-tembiricha titanium alloy ZT3 ine cerium yakagadzirwa.Kuenzaniswa nealoyi dzepasirese dzakafanana, ine zvimwe zvakanakira mukupisa kupisa, simba, uye maitiro ekuita.Iyo compressor casing inogadzirwa nayo inoshandiswa kuW PI3 II injini, ichidzikisa huremu hwendege yega yega ne39 kg uye kuwedzera kusunda kune huremu reshiyo ne1.5%.Pamusoro pezvo, matanho ekugadzirisa anoderedzwa neanosvika makumi matatu muzana, kuwana zvakakosha zvehunyanzvi uye zvehupfumi, kuzadza gaka rekushandisa cast titanium casings yeinjini dzendege muChina pasi pe500 ℃ mamiriro.Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti kune zvidukucerium oxidezvidimbu mune microstructure yeZT3 alloy inecerium.Ceriuminobatanidza chikamu cheokisijeni mu alloy kuti iite refractory uye yakakwirira kuomarare earth oxidezvinhu, Ce2O3.Izvi zvimedu zvinotadzisa kufamba kwekutenderera panguva yealloy deformation, kuvandudza kushanda kwepamusoro-tembiricha yealloy.Ceriuminobata mamwe gasi tsvina (kunyanya pamiganhu yezviyo), iyo inogona kusimbisa alloy ichichengetedza kunaka kwekushisa kugadzikana.Uku ndiko kuedza kwekutanga kushandisa dzidziso yekusimbisa solute point mukukanda titanium alloys.Uye zvakare, mushure memakore ekutsvagisa, iyo Aviation Materials Institute yakagadzira yakagadzikana uye isingadhureyttrium oxidejecha uye zvinhu zvehupfu mune titanium alloy mhinduro chaiyo yekukanda maitiro, uchishandisa yakakosha mineralization kurapwa tekinoroji.Yakawana mazinga akanaka mune chaiyo giravhiti, kuoma, uye kugadzikana kune titanium fluid.Panyaya yekugadzirisa uye kudzora mashandiro egoko slurry, yakaratidza hukuru hukuru.Mukana wakatanhamara wekushandisa yttrium oxide goko kugadzira titanium castings ndeyekuti, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu apo mhando uye nhanho yemaitiro ekukanda anofananidzwa neayo tungsten surface layer process, zvinokwanisika kugadzira titanium alloy castings iyo yakatetepa kupfuura iyo. ye tungsten surface layer process.Parizvino, nzira iyi yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira ndege dzakasiyana siyana, injini, uye mauto ehondo.
2.3Rare pasialuminium alloy
Iyo HZL206 inodzivirira kupisa inodzivirira kupisa kwealuminium alloy ine zvisingawanzo pasi yakagadziriswa neAVIC ine yepamusoro-yepamusoro-tembiricha uye kamuri tembiricha mechanical zvichienzaniswa nenickel ine alloys kunze kwenyika, uye yasvika padanho repamusoro rearoyi akafanana kunze kwenyika.Iko zvino inoshandiswa sevhavha inopikisa helicopter uye ndege dzehondo dzine kupisa kwekushanda kwe300 ℃, kutsiva simbi uye titanium alloys.Yakaderedzwa huremu hwechimiro uye yakaiswa mukugadzirwa kwakawanda.The tensile simba rerare pasialuminium silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy pa200-300 ℃ yakakwirira kudarika yeWest German piston alloys KS280 neKS282.Kuramba kwayo kupfeka kwakapetwa ka4-5 kupfuura iyo inowanzo shandiswa piston alloys ZL108, ine diki coefficient ye linear yekuwedzera uye yakanaka dimensional kugadzikana.Yakave ichishandiswa mune avhiyesheni accessories KY-5, KY-7 mhepo compressors uye avhiyesheni modhi injini pistons.Kuwedzera kwerare pasizvinhu kune aruminiyamu alloys zvakanyanya kunatsiridza iyo microstructure uye michina zvivakwa.Iyo nzira yekuita kwezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi mualuminium alloys ndeyekugadzira kuparadzirwa kwakapararira, uye madiki madiki ealuminium anobata basa rakakura mukusimbisa chikamu chechipiri;Kuwedzera kwerare pasizvinhu zvinotora basa mukubvisa uye kuchenesa, nokudaro kuderedza nhamba ye pores mu alloy uye nekuvandudza kushanda kwayo;Rare pasiaruminiyamu makomisheni, sezvo heterogeneous crystal nuclei kunatsa zviyo uye eutectic phases, ariwo mhando modifier;Zvinhu zvisingaite zvepasi zvinosimudzira kuumbwa uye kukwenenzverwa kwesimbi yakapfuma zvikamu, zvichideredza kukuvadza kwavo.α- Iyo yakasimba mhinduro huwandu hwesimbi muA1 inoderera nekuwedzera kwerare pasikuwedzera, iyo inobatsirawo pakuvandudza simba uye plastiki.
Kushandiswa kwerare pasikupisa zvinhu muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwemauto
3.1 Zvakachenarare earth metals
Purerare earth metals, nekuda kwemaitiro avo emakemikari anoshanda, anowanzoita neoksijeni, sulfuri, uye nitrogen kuti agadzire masanganiswa akagadzikana.Kana ikaiswa mukukweshana kwakanyanya uye kukanganiswa, pfarivari dzinogona kubatidza zvinhu zvinobvira moto.Naizvozvo, kubvira muna 1908, yakaitwa dombo rakaomarara.Zvakaonekwa kuti pakati pe17rare pasizvinhu, zvinhu zvitanhatu zvinosanganisiracerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium,uyeyttriumkuve nekuita kwakanaka kwekupisa.Vanhu vakashandura zvinhu zvekupisa risimbi dzevhumumhando dzakasiyana dzezvombo zvinopisa, senge US Mark 82 227 kg missile, inoshandisarare earth metallining, iyo isingangoburitsa zvinoputika zvinouraya mhedzisiro asiwo zvinopisa zvinokonzeresa.Rocket warhead yeAmerican air-to-ground "Damping Man" ine 108 rare earth metal square rods se liner, kutsiva zvimwe zvimedu zvakafanogadzirwa.Static blasting bvunzo dzakaratidza kuti kugona kwayo kubatidza mafuta endege ndeye 44% yakakwira kupfuura iyo isina kuvharwa.
3.2 Yakasanganiswarare earth metals
Nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira wekuchenazvisingawanzo simbi dzevhu,nyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandisa zvakanyanya zvisingadhuri compositerare earth metals mune zvombo zvinopisa.The compositerare earth metalcombustion agent inotakurwa mugomba resimbi pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, ine density ye (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg/m3, kukurumidza kupisa 1.3-1.5 m/s, dhayamita yemurazvo ingangoita 500 mm, tembiricha yemurazvo yakakwira kusvika 1715-2000 ℃.Mushure mekupisa, nguva yekupisa kwemuviri incandescent yakareba kupfuura maminitsi mashanu.Munguva yeHondo yeVietnam, mauto eUS akaburitsa 40mm incendiary grenade vachishandisa chibatiso, uye tambo yekubatidza mukati yaive yakagadzirwa nesimbi isingawanzoitiki.Mushure mokunge projectile inoputika, chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chine jira rinopisa chinogona kupisa chinangwa.Panguva iyoyo, kugadzirwa kwemwedzi kwebhomba kwakasvika 200000 kutenderera, nepamusoro pe260000 kutenderera.
3.3Rare pasicombustion alloys
Arare pasicombustion alloy inorema 100 g inogona kuumba 200-3000 sparks ine nzvimbo yakakura yekuvharira, iyo yakaenzana neradius yekuuraya yekubaya kwezvombo uye kubaya kwezvombo mateko.Naizvozvo, kuvandudzwa kwemafunctional ammunition ane simba rekupisa yave imwe yenzira huru dzekuvandudza zvombo kumba nekune dzimwe nyika.Nekubaya kwezvombo uye kuboora mabhomba ezvombo, kuita kwavo kwehungwaru kunoda kuti mushure mekupinda nhumbi dzetangi remuvengi, vanokwanisawo kubatidza mafuta avo nepfuti kuti vaparadze zvachose tangi.Kune magirinedhi, zvinodikanwa kubatidza zvechiuto uye zvivakwa zvehurongwa mukati mekuuraya kwavo.Zvinoshumwa kuti bhomba repurasitiki risingawanzo simbi rinopisa rakagadzirwa muUnited States rine muviri wakagadzirwa nefiberglass yakasimbiswa naironi uye yakasanganiswa isingawanzo yepasi alloy core, iyo inoshandiswa kuve nemhedzisiro iri nani kutarisana nezvinangwa zvine mafuta endege nezvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana.
Kushandiswa kwe4Rare EarthZvishandiso muKudzivirirwa Kwemauto uye Nuclear Technology
4.1 Kushandisa muMasoja Dziviriro Tekinoroji
Zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvine zvinhu zvinodzivirira mwaranzi.National Center yeNeutron Cross Sections muUnited States yakashandisa zvinhu zvepolymer seiyo substrate uye yakagadzira marudzi maviri emapuleti ane ukobvu hwe10 mm aine kana pasina kuwedzera kweasingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvekuongororwa kudzivirira kwemwaranzi.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti thermal neutron shielding effect yerare pasipolymer zvinhu zviri nani ka5-6 pane iyo yerare pasiyemahara polymer zvinhu.Izvo zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvine zvinhu zvakawedzerwa zvakadai sesamarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, nezvimwewo zvine chepamusoro nyutroni absorption cross chikamu uye zvine mhedzisiro yakanaka pakubata manyuturoni.Parizvino, mashandisirwo makuru easingawanzo pasi anti radiation zvinhu muhunyanzvi hwemauto zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu.
4.1.1 Nuclear mwaranzi inodzivirira
IUnited States inoshandisa 1% boron uye 5% zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhugadolinium, samarium,uyelanthanumkugadzira 600m mukobvu nemwaranzi kongiri inodzivirira yekudzivirira fission neutron masosi mumadhibhi mareactors.France yakagadzira isingawanzo pasi nemwaranzi yekudzivirira zvinhu nekuwedzera borides,rare pasimubatanidzwa, kanarare earth alloyskuita graphite se substrate.Iyo filler yeiyi composite shielding material inodiwa kuti igoverwe zvakaenzana uye iite zvikamu zvakagadzirirwa, izvo zvinoiswa zvakapoteredza reactor channel maererano nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvezvikamu zvekudzivirira.
4.1.2 Tank thermal radiation shielding
Iyo ine zvidimbu zvina zvevheni, nehupamhi hwese 5-20 cm.Yekutanga layer yakagadzirwa negirazi fiber yakasimbiswa plastiki, ine inorganic poda yakawedzerwa ne2%rare pasimakomisheni semazadza kuvharira manyuturoni anokurumidza uye kutora manyuturoni anononoka;Yechipiri neyechitatu zvidimbu zvinowedzera boron graphite, polystyrene, uye zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvinoverengera 10% yehuwandu hwekuzadza huwandu kune yekutanga kuvhara epakati simba manyutroni uye kutora manyuturoni anopisa;Chikamu chechina chinoshandisa graphite panzvimbo yegirazi fiber, uye inowedzera 25%rare pasizvinosanganiswa kuti zvitore manyuturoni anopisa.
4.1.3 Zvimwe
Kushandisarare pasianti radiation coatings kumatangi, ngarava, pekugara, uye zvimwe zvekushandisa zvechiuto zvinogona kuva neanti radiation effect.
4.2 Kushandiswa muNuclear Technology
Rare pasiyttrium oxideinogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinopisa chinopisa cheuranium peturu mune inovira mvura reactors (BWRs).Pakati pezvinhu zvese,gadoliniumine simba rakasimba rekutora manyuturoni, iine 4600 targets paatomu.Imwe neimwe yakasikwagadoliniumatomu inotora avhareji yemanyuturoni mana isati yakundikana.Kana yakasanganiswa nefissionable uranium,gadoliniuminogona kukurudzira kupisa, kuderedza kushandiswa kweuranium, uye kuwedzera simba rinobuda.Gadolinium oxidehaiburitse zvinokuvadza byproduct deuterium senge boron carbide, uye inogona kuenderana nemafuta euranium uye zvinhu zvayo zvekupfeka panguva yenyukireya.Zvakanakira kushandisagadoliniumpachinzvimbo cheboron ndizvozvogadoliniuminogona kusanganiswa zvakananga neuranium kudzivirira nyukireya mafuta tsvimbo yekuwedzera.Zvinoenderana nenhamba, pari zvino kune 149 yakarongwa mareactor enyukireya pasi rese, ayo 115 anodzvanywa mvura anoshandisa pasi isingawanzo.gadolinium oxide. Rare pasisamarium, europium,uyedysprosiumakashandiswa semanyuturoni anonwisa muvapfuri veneutron.Rare pasi yttriumine chikamu chidiki chekutora muchinjika mumanyuturoni uye inogona kushandiswa senyere yepombi kune yakanyungudutswa munyu reactor.Mapepa matete ane akawedzerarare pasi gadoliniumuyedysprosiuminogona kushandiswa semaneutron field detectors mune aerospace uye nyukireya indasitiri engineering, mashoma erare pasithuliumuyeerbiuminogona kushandiswa sezvinhu zvinonangwa zveyakavharwa chubhu neutron jenareta, uyerare earth oxideeuropium iron metal ceramics inogona kushandiswa kugadzira yakagadziridzwa reactor control mahwendefa ekutsigira.Rare pasigadoliniuminogona zvakare kushandiswa sechinhu chekuwedzera chekuvhara kudzivirira neutron radiation, uye mota dzakashongedzerwa dzakaputirwa neakakosha machira anegadolinium oxideinogona kudzivirira neutron radiation.Rare pasi ytterbiuminoshandiswa mumidziyo yekuyera geostress inokonzerwa nekuputika kwenyukireya pasi pevhu.Rinirare earthytterbiuminoiswa pasi pekumanikidzwa, kushorwa kunowedzera, uye shanduko yekupikisa inogona kushandiswa kuverenga kudzvanywa kwainoiswa.Kubatanidzarare pasi gadoliniumfoil inoiswa nemhute deposition uye yakadzama coating ine stress inonzwa chinhu inogona kushandiswa kuyera yakakwirira yenyukireya kusagadzikana.
5,Kushandisa kweRare EarthZvisingaperi Magnet Zvishandiso mune Yemazuvano Military Technology
Therare pasizvechigarire magineti zvinhu, zvinorumbidzwa sechizvarwa chitsva chemadzimambo magineti, parizvino inozivikanwa seyepamusoro-soro mashandiro echigarire magineti zvinhu.Iyo ine kanopfuura ka100 yakakwira magineti zvivakwa pane iyo magineti simbi yakashandiswa mumidziyo yemauto muma1970s.Parizvino, chave chinhu chakakosha mukukurukurirana kwemagetsi tekinoroji, inoshandiswa mukufamba machubhu machubhu uye anotenderera mune artificial Earth satellites, radar, uye mamwe minda.Naizvozvo, ine zvakakosha zvechiuto.
Samariumcobalt magineti uye neodymium iron boron magineti anoshandiswa kune erekitironi danda rinotarisa mumissile kutungamira masisitimu.Magnets ndiwo anonyanya kutarisisa midziyo yemaerekitironi matanda uye kuendesa data kune yekudzora pamusoro peiyo missile.Kune angangoita 5-10 mapaundi (2.27-4.54 kg) emagineti mune yega yega inotarisisa kutungamira mudziyo weiyo missile.Pamusoro pe,rare pasimagineti anoshandiswawo kutyaira mota dzemagetsi uye kutenderedza chidzoreso chemakomba anotungamirwa.Zvakanakira zvavo zviri musimba ravo remagineti uye huremu huremu zvichienzaniswa neyekutanga aluminium nickel cobalt magineti.
6 .Kushandisa kweRare EarthLaser Zvishandiso mune Yemazuvano Military Technology
Laser imhando nyowani yechiedza sosi ine yakanaka monochromaticity, kutungamira, uye kubatana, uye inogona kuwana kupenya kwakanyanya.Laser uyerare pasiLaser zvinhu zvakazvarwa panguva imwe chete.Parizvino, ingangoita 90% yelaser zvinhu zvinosanganisirarare earths.Semuyenzaniso,yttriumaluminium garnet crystal ndeye laser inoshandiswa zvakanyanya iyo inogona kuwana inoenderera yakakwira-simba kuburitsa pakamuri tembiricha.Iko kushandiswa kweakasimba-state lasers mumauto emazuva ano kunosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu.
6.1 Laser kubva
Theneodymiumdopedyttriumaluminium garnet laser rangefinder yakagadziridzwa nenyika dzakaita seUnited States, Britain, France, neGermany inokwanisa kuyera nhambwe dzinosvika 4000 kusvika 20000 metres nekururama kwemamita mashanu.Zvigadzirwa zvezvombo zvakaita seAmerican MI, Leopard II yekuGermany, Leclerc yeFrance, Type 90 yekuJapan, Mecca yeIsrael, uye yeBritish yazvino yakagadzira Challenger 2 tank zvese zvinoshandisa rudzi urwu rwelaser rangefinder.Parizvino, dzimwe nyika dziri kugadzira chizvarwa chitsva cheyakasimba laser rangefinders yekuchengetedzwa kwemaziso evanhu, nekushanda kwewavelength yakasiyana-siyana ye1.5-2.1 μ M. Handheld laser rangefinders yakagadzirwa nekushandisa.holmiumdopedyttriumlithium fluoride lasers muUnited States neUnited Kingdom, ine wavelength inoshanda ye 2.06 μ M, inosvika ku3000 m.United States yakabatanawo nemakambani epasi rose laser kugadzira erbium-dopedyttriumlithium fluoride laser ine wavelength ye1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder uye yakashongedzerwa zvakanyanya nemauto.Laser wavelength yeChina yemauto rangefinder ndeye 1.06 μ M, kubva pa200 kusvika 7000 m.China inowana data rakakosha kubva kuLaser terevhizheni theodolites mukuyerwa kwakaringana panguva yekuvhurwa kwemaroketi akareba-renji, makombi, uye masatellite ekutaurirana.
6.2 Laser kutungamira
Laser inotungamirwa mabhomba anoshandisa lasers kune terminal kutungamira.Iyo Nd · YAG laser, iyo inoburitsa akawanda emapulses pasekondi imwe, inoshandiswa kudhiza iyo yakananga laser.Iwo mapurusi akaiswa encoded uye iwo mapuruzi emwenje anogona kutungamira mhinduro yemusungo, nekudaro kudzivirira kukanganiswa kubva pakuvhurwa kwema missile uye zvipingamupinyi zvinoiswa nemuvengi.Bhomba reUSuto GBV-15 glider, rinozivikanwawo se "dexterous bomb".Saizvozvo, inogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzira laser inotungamirwa magomba.
6.3 Laser kutaurirana
Pamusoro peNd · YAG, iyo laser kubuda kwe lithiumneodymiumphosphate crystal (LNP) yakashongedzwa uye iri nyore kuchinjisa, ichiita kuti ive imwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa micro laser zvinhu.Iyo yakakodzera sechiedza chechiedza che fiber optic kutaurirana uye inotarisirwa kuiswa mune yakabatanidzwa optics uye cosmic kutaurirana.Pamusoro pe,yttriumiron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) single crystal inogona kushandiswa seyakasiyana siyana magnetostatic surface wave zvishandiso uchishandisa microwave yekubatanidza tekinoroji, ichiita kuti michina ibatanidzwe uye diki, uye kuve neakakosha maapplication mu radar remote control, telemetry, navigation, uye zvemagetsi countermeasures.
7.Kushandiswa kweRare EarthSuperconducting Zvishandiso mune Yemazuvano Military Technology
Kana chimwe chinhu chikasangana zero kuramba pazasi peimwe tembiricha, inozivikanwa se superconductivity, inova tembiricha yakakosha (Tc).Superconductors imhando yeantimagnetic zvinhu zvinodzoreredza chero kuedza kushandisa magineti pazasi peiyo tembiricha yakakosha, inozivikanwa seMeisner athari.Kuwedzera zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi kune superconducting zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya tembiricha yakakosha Tc.Izvi zvinokurudzira zvikuru kuvandudzwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zve superconducting.Muma1980, nyika dzakabudirira dzakadai seUnited States neJapan dzakawedzera chitsama chakati cherare earth oxides zvakadailanthanum, yttrium,europium,uyeerbiumkune barium oxide uyecopper oxidemakomisheni, ayo akasanganiswa, akatsikirirwa, uye akasiiwa kuti aumbe superconducting ceramic zvinhu, zvichiita kuti kushandiswa kwakapararira kwehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji, kunyanya mukushandiswa kwechiuto, kuwanda.
7.1 Superconducting integrated circuits
Mumakore achangopfuura, tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji mumakomputa emagetsi yakaitwa kunze kwenyika, uye superconducting yakasanganiswa maseketi akagadzirwa achishandisa superconducting ceramic zvinhu.Kana rudzi urwu rwemusanganiswa wedunhu ruchishandiswa kugadzira macomputer e superconducting, haangove madiki muhukuru, akareruka muhuremu, uye ari nyore kushandisa, asiwo ane computing kumhanya 10 kusvika 100 nguva nekukurumidza kupfuura semiconductor makomputa, ane inoyangarara nzvimbo maoparesheni. kusvika 300 kusvika ku1 trillion nguva pasekondi.Nokudaro, mauto eUnited States anofanotaura kuti kana makombiyuta e-superconducting angotangwa, achave "anowedzera" mukurwisana kweC1 system muuto.
7.2 Superconducting magineti yekuongorora tekinoroji
Magnetic anonzwa zvinhu akagadzirwa ne superconducting ceramic zvinhu zvine vhoriyamu diki, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuwana kubatanidzwa uye kurongeka.Ivo vanogona kugadzira akawanda-channel uye akawanda parameter yekuona masisitimu, kuwedzera zvakanyanya iyo unit ruzivo ruzivo uye nekuvandudza zvakanyanya kureba kwekuona uye kurongeka kweiyo magineti detector.Iko kushandiswa kweiyo superconducting magnetometers haingoone chete zvinofambiswa senge matangi, mota, uye ngarava dzepasi pemvura, asi zvakare kuyera saizi yadzo, zvichikonzera shanduko dzakakura mumatekiniki uye matekinoroji senge anti tank uye anti submarine warfare.
Zvinonzi US Navy yafunga kugadzira satellite yekunzwa iri kure vachishandisa iyirare pasisuperconducting zvinhu kuratidza nekuvandudza zvechinyakare kure sensing tekinoroji.Satellite iyi inonzi Naval Earth Image Observatory yakatangwa muna 2000.
8.Kushandisa kweRare EarthGiant Magnetostrictive Zvishandiso mune Yemazuvano Military Technology
Rare pasigiant magnetostrictive zvinhu rudzi rutsva rwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvichangobva kuvandudzwa mukupera kwema1980 kunze kwenyika.Zvikuru zvichireva kusanganiswa kwesimbi kwepasi.Rudzi urwu rwezvinhu rune yakakura kwazvo magnetostrictive kukosha kupfuura simbi, nickel, uye zvimwe zvinhu, uye iyo magnetostrictive coefficient inosvika 102-103 nguva yakakwira kupfuura iyo yeyakajairwa magnetostrictive zvinhu, saka inonzi hombe kana hofori magnetostrictive zvinhu.Pakati pezvinhu zvese zvekutengesa, zvisingawanzo pasi giant giant magnetostrictive zvinhu zvine kukosha kwepamusoro-soro uye simba pasi pekuita kwemuviri.Kunyanya nebudiriro yakabudirira yeTerfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy, nguva nyowani yemagnetostrictive zvinhu yakavhurwa.Kana Terfenol-D yaiswa mundima yemagineti, saizi yayo inosiyana yakakura kupfuura yeyakajairwa magineti zvinhu, izvo zvinoita kuti kumwe kurongeka kwemakanika kufambiswe.Parizvino, iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kubva kumafuta masisitimu, kudzora kwevharuvhu yemvura, micro positioning kune mechanical actuators yenzvimbo teresikopu uye ndege mapapiro regulators.Kuvandudzwa kweTerfenol-D zvinhu tekinoroji kwaita fambiro mberi mumagetsi ekushandura tekinoroji.Uye yakaita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza tekinoroji, tekinoroji yemauto, uye kuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri echinyakare.Iko kushandiswa kweasingawanzo pasi magnetostrictive zvinhu mumauto emazuva ano kunyanya kunosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:
8.1 Sonar
Iyo yakawanda emission frequency ye sonar iri pamusoro pe 2 kHz, asi yakaderera-frequency sonar pazasi iyi frequency ine mabhenefiti ayo akakosha: iyo yakaderera frequency, idiki iyo attenuation, kure kure kwemafungu eruzha kunopararira, uye kushoma kunokanganisa echo kudzivirira kwepasi pemvura.Sonars yakagadzirwa neTerfenol-D zvinhu inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvesimba guru, vhoriyamu diki, uye yakaderera frequency, saka ivo vakagadzira nekukurumidza.
8.2 Magetsi mechanical transducers
Inonyanya kushandiswa kune zvidiki zvinodzorwa chiito zvishandiso - actuators.Kusanganisira kudzora kurongeka kusvika padanho re nanometer, pamwe nemapombi eservo, masisitimu ejekiseni emafuta, mabhureki, nezvimwe. Inoshandiswa kumotokari dzemauto, ndege dzemauto uye spacecraft, marobhoti ehondo, nezvimwe.
8.3 Sensors uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi
Zvakadai sehomwe magnetometers, ma sensors ekuona kutamiswa, simba, uye kukurumidza, uye tunable pamusoro acoustic wave zvishandiso.Iyo yekupedzisira inoshandiswa kune chikamu sensors mumigodhi, sonar, uye kuchengetedza zvikamu mumakomputa.
9. Zvimwe zvinhu
Zvimwe zvinhu zvakadairare pasiluminescent zvinhu,rare pasihydrogen kuchengetedza zvinhu, isingawanzo pasi giant magnetoresistive zvinhu,rare pasimagnetic refrigeration materials, uyerare pasimagneto-optical kuchengetedza zvinhu zvese zvakashandiswa zvakabudirira mumauto emazuva ano, zvichivandudza zvakanyanya kurwisa kushanda kwezvombo zvemazuva ano.Semuyenzaniso,rare pasiluminescent zvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakabudirira kune zviono zvehusiku zvishandiso.Muzvionioni zvehusiku, maphosphor epasi asingawanzo kushandura mafotoni (simba rechiedza) kuita maerekitironi, ayo anokwidziridzwa kuburikidza nemamiriyoni emaburi madiki ari mundege yefiber optic maikorosikopu, achiratidzira nekudzoka kubva kumadziro, achiburitsa mamwe maerekitironi.Mamwe maphosphor epasi asingawanzo kumucheto wemuswe anoshandura maerekitironi achidzokera kuita mafotoni, saka mufananidzo unogona kuoneka nemboni yeziso.Iyi nzira yakafanana neyeterevhizheni, ukorare pasifluorescent poda inoburitsa imwe ruvara mufananidzo pachiratidziri.Indasitiri yeAmerica inowanzo shandisa niobium pentoxide, asi kuti masisitimu ekuona husiku abudirire, chinhu chisingawanzo pasi pasi.lanthanumchikamu chakakosha.MuHondo yeGulf, mauto emarudzi akawanda akashandisa magirazi echiratidzo chehusiku aya kutarisa zvainangwa nemauto eIraq nguva nenguva, vachichinjana nekukunda kudiki.
10 .Mhedziso
Kubudirira kwerare pasiindasitiri yakasimudzira kufambira mberi kwakadzama kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwemauto, uye kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemauto kwakafambisawo budiriro yebudiriro yemauto.rare pasiindustry.Ndinotenda kuti nekukurumidza kufambira mberi kwesainzi yenyika uye tekinoroji,rare pasizvigadzirwa zvinozoita basa rakakura mukuvandudza tekinoroji yemauto emazuva ano nemabasa azvo akakosha, uye zvinounza hupfumi hwakakura uye hwakakosha mabhenefiti kunerare pasiindustry pachayo.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-29-2023